Utilization of cocoa pod husk as filler in polypropylene biocomposites

Koay, Seong Chun; Husseinsyah, Salmah; Osman, Hakimah

doi:10.1177/0892705713513291

Cited by 49 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Hazelnut shells (HSs) are characterized by low density; as reported by Copur [6], the density of hazelnut shells is 0.23 g/cm 3 (±0. 21), which appears to be a lower value compared to raw wood material (0.40-0.75 g/cm 3 ). Gurbanow et al [7] studied polypropylene (PP) composites with hazelnut shell flour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Furthermore, agricultural waste is used to manufacture composites due to an increasing demand for eco-friendly materials. Composites may be reinforced (e.g., by wheat husk and rye husk [1], rice husk [2], cocoa pod husk [3], or spent coffee ground [4]). Walnut shells are renewable lignocellulosic materials and they can be obtained as agricultural by-products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Composites Based on Polypropylene with Basalt/Hazelnut Shell Fillers: The Influence of Temperature, Thermal Aging, and Water Absorption on Mechanical Properties

Kufel

Kuciel

2019

Polymers

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The aim of the research was to study the effects of adding natural fillers to a polypropylene (PP) matrix on mechanical and physical properties of hybrid composites. The 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight basalt fibers (BF) and ground hazelnut shells (HS) were added to the PP matrix. Composites were produced by making use of an injection molding method. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, strain at break, Charpy impact strength, and the coefficient of thermal expansion were determined. The influence of temperature, thermal aging, and water absorption on mechanical properties was also investigated. In addition, short-time creep tests were carried out. To characterize the morphology and the filler distribution within the matrix, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used. The results showed that the addition of the two types of filler enhanced mechanical properties. Furthermore, improvements in thermal stability were monitored. After water absorption, the changes in the tensile properties of the tested composites were moderate. However, thermal aging caused a decrease in tensile strength and tensile modulus.Polymers 2020, 12, 18 2 of 13 reinforced with BFs are widely used due to their high mechanical properties and thermal stability; additionally, they are eco-friendly materials. Many researchers have studied composites reinforced by BFs [11][12][13]. Manikandan et al. [14] investigated the effect of surface modifications of BFs on mechanical properties. The results showed that acid treatment of BFs improved tensile strength and impact strength. Yang et al. [15] added carbon nanotubes and aluminum hypophosphite to polylactide/BF composites, which reduced the peak heat release rate of the composite. Hybrid composites offer better balance in mechanical properties than non-hybrid composites. Predicting their mechanical properties is challenging due to the synergistic effects between both fibers [16]. Hybridization provides us with the opportunity to improve some of the properties of composites. It is also common to reduce production costs by replacing the more expensive filler with a cheaper filler. By using hybridizations, composites can be produced that combine the features of both fillers. An addition of carbon fibers with smaller diameters and larger and longer BFs to polyamide 6, improved mechanical properties of composites [17]. Mechanical properties of natural filler composites are lower compared to synthetic fibers. Furthermore, natural fillers absorb moisture. The amalgamation of two different types of fillers in the same matrix can result in a material that overcomes these drawbacks. A few studies reported hybrid composites reinforced by both natural and synthetic fillers. Samal et al.[18] studied hybrid PP composites with banana and glass fibers. In another study [19], mechanical properties and the water absorption of high-density polyethylene composites, reinforced by wood and carbon fibers, were investigated. An addition of a small amount of carbon fibers to wood plastic composites enhanced the mechanical pr...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Composites Based on Polypropylene with Basalt/Hazelnut Shell Fillers: The Influence of Temperature, Thermal Aging, and Water Absorption on Mechanical Properties

Kufel

Kuciel

2019

Polymers

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“…Dispersion of nanofiller in polymer matrix depends on their interaction with each other . Hence, to evaluate interactions between blend components and GO‐filled PNCs, FTIR analysis was carried out and spectra are presented in Figure (a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A thermomechanical study on selective dispersion and different loading of graphene oxide in polypropylene/polycarbonate blends

Tiwari

Oraon

Adhikari

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Carbon nanofiller reinforced polymeric materials offer the opportunity to obtain materials with desired properties. In the present study, effects of different loading of graphene oxide (GO) on the compatibility, thermomechanical, and morphological properties of incompatible polypropylene (PP)/polycarbonate (PC) polymer blends were investigated. The neat blend and blend nanocomposites were prepared by using a twin‐screw extruder under controlled shear pressure to explore the role of GO on thermomechanical properties of blends. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the presence of GO in PC phase which was further confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and morphological analysis. It was observed that up to loading of 0.5%, GO preferable dispersed in only PC phase and then dispersed in both PP and PC phase with further increase in GO loading due to increase in viscosity of PC phase. Field emission scanning electron microscopy investigation of PNCs showed the coalescence of PC phase with increase of GO loading. Tensile analysis confirmed that 1% of GO loading produced highest reinforcement in thermomechanical properties and further increase of GO loading deteriorate the mechanical properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis also showed high storage modulus for 1% loading. Thermal stability of 1% GO loaded nanocomposite was found to be higher than other blend nanocomposites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45062.

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“…Currently, there are numerous combinations of agricultural by-products used as fillers (such as coconut shell, rattan, durian seed, rice hush, banana fibre) [11]. Chun et al [12] examined the utilization of cocoa pod husk (CPH) in polypropylene biocomposites. The increase in the CPH content decreased the tensile strength and the elongation at break of PP/CPH biocomposites but increased the tensile modulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composites based on polypropylene modified with natural fillers to increase stiffness

Kufel¹,

Kuciel²

2019

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Composites based on a polypropylene matrix with coffee ground powder, wood flour and tuff of a mass weight of 12.5wt% were produced by the method of injection moulding. Tests of tensile and bending strength properties were carried out and Charpy impact was determined at three temperatures:-24°C, 22°C and 80°C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken to assess the effects of reinforcement and homogenization of mixtures and to determine the characteristics of the microstructure. Composites with 12.5wt% coffee ground powder, wood flour and tuff were characterized by an increase the elastic modulus. Tensile strength slightly decreased for composites with ground coffee grains and tuff.

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Utilization of cocoa pod husk as filler in polypropylene biocomposites

Cited by 49 publications

References 23 publications

Hybrid Composites Based on Polypropylene with Basalt/Hazelnut Shell Fillers: The Influence of Temperature, Thermal Aging, and Water Absorption on Mechanical Properties

Hybrid Composites Based on Polypropylene with Basalt/Hazelnut Shell Fillers: The Influence of Temperature, Thermal Aging, and Water Absorption on Mechanical Properties

A thermomechanical study on selective dispersion and different loading of graphene oxide in polypropylene/polycarbonate blends

Composites based on polypropylene modified with natural fillers to increase stiffness

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