Utilization of Batteriy Energy Systems (BESS) in Smart Grid: A Review

Abstract

The uncertainty in fuel cost, the ageing of most existing grid, the lack of utilities' supply capacity to respond to the increasing load demand, and the lack of automatically power restoration, accelerate the need to modernize the distribution network by introducing new technologies, putting the smart grid (SG) on spot. The aim of this paper is to carry out a detailed survey of the major requirements of (SG) and discuss the operational challenges arising from the integration of distributed generation (DG) in distribution networks (DN). These requirements dictate the necessity to review the energy and communication infrastructure, the automatic control, metering and monitoring systems, and highlight the features of smart protection system for a robust and efficient distribution grid. In addition, the paper aims to classify the energy storage systems (ESS) and explain their role for utilities, consumers and for environment. This includes the pumped hydro systems (PHS) and compressed air systems (CAS), battery energy storage systems (BESSs), double layer and superconductive capacitors, and electric vehicles (EVs). Since BESSs emerged as one of the most promising technology for several power applications, the paper presents an overview of their main features, management and control systems and operational modes. A survey about the utilization of BESSs in power system is presented.

Smart Distribution Boards (Smart DB), Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) for Load Device Appliance Signature Identification and Smart Sockets for Grid Demand Management

“…In a drive towards enhancing grid stability/optimization and to meet growing energy demand, many approaches are being adopted from distributed generation, advanced SCADA controls, load shedding and most recently, demand management and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. For grid stability, power generation and load demand have to be matched at all the times.…”

“…For grid stability, power generation and load demand have to be matched at all the times. As the peak load demand on the grid is increased, traditional utilities either increase the overall generation capacity or perform high speed under-frequency load shedding using substation relays [5][6][7][8][9]. Both these traditional methods have their own disadvantages.…”

“…Increasing the overall generation capacity to meet peak load demand which only lasts up to few hours in today's context, is highly expensive, wasteful, and environmentally unsustainable [8,9]. On the other hand, load shedding at the substation level can be hugely disruptive and inconvenient as it affects thousands of homes and businesses and may also adversely affect the economy if it becomes too frequent [6][7][8][9]. Load shedding is not a voluntary choice and usually adopted as a last resort to avoid a cascading fault and will attract huge penalties by the energy regulator.…”

“…In recent years, there has been a great interest in renewable energy generation to meet the growing load demands in an environmentally friendly manner [7,8]. The growth in renewables, while encouraging, further exacerbate grid stability issues and increase system faults, with many pushing for more spinning reserve capacities to negate any volatility, which negates the benefits of this type sustainable energy source.…”

“…The growth in renewables, while encouraging, further exacerbate grid stability issues and increase system faults, with many pushing for more spinning reserve capacities to negate any volatility, which negates the benefits of this type sustainable energy source. With the advent of low cost communication technologies, high speed metering with more powerful edge computing capacity and Internet-of-Things (IOT) connectivity offered by telecoms, demand response management also becomes a tool to manage supply-demand balance [7][8][9]. In demand response management, with the help of different pricing signals or frequency change, loads can be tripped off instantly to meet the generation capacity via voluntary load interruptions.…”