Utilization of ammonia nitrogen, administered by intragastric, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes: Effects of growth hormone

Vitti, Trieste G.; Vukmirovich, Robert; Gaebler, O. H.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(64)90218-8

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The different lysine 15N enrichments found in liver, plasma and carcass were expected because of differences in protein turnover in the different tissues. The higher enrichments in tissues with higher protein turnover have been reported by several authors (Vitti & Gaebler 1963;Vitti et al 1964;Deguchi & Namioka, 1989). It was estimated that CV rats absorbed 21.3 (SE 2.04) mg microbial lysine/d per kg body ~e i g h t o~~.…”

Section: Discussion a N D Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: incorporation of¹⁵N from¹⁵NH₄Cl into lysine in the tissues of germ-free and conventional rats

Torrallardona¹,

Harris²,

Coates

et al. 1996

Br J Nutr

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~~ ~~The absorption of lysine synthesised by the gastrointestinal microflora was estimated by comparing the l5N incorporated into body lysine in four germ-free (15N-GF) and four conventional (lSN-CV) rats. They were fed for 10 d on a protein-free diet containing fermentable carbohydrates and 15NH,CI; another four conventional rats (control), fed on the same diet but with unlabelled NH,Cl, were used to estimate the natural abundance of lSN. The eviscerated carcass of each rat was homogenized and a sample hydrolysed. Lysine was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and its 15N enrichment was measured by isotoperatio mass spectrometry. The "N-CV rats significantly incorporated lSN into their body lysine. The lSN-GF rats had a statistically significant, although small, incorporation of "N into their body lysine, probably arising from a measurement artifact. It was concluded, therefore, that all ['5Njlysine was of microbial origin. The total lysine content in the body and the lsN enrichment of lysine in the microbial fraction of the faeces of the 15N-CV rats were also determined. The amount of microbial lysine absorbed by the 15N-CV rats was estimated by dividing the total amount of [lsN]lysine in the body by the enrichment of microbial lysine. It was estimated that the daily absorption of microbial lysine by the conventional rats was 21.3 (SE 2.04) mg/kg body eight'"^.

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Section: Discussion a N D Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: incorporation of¹⁵N from¹⁵NH₄Cl into lysine in the tissues of germ-free and conventional rats

Torrallardona¹,

Harris²,

Coates

et al. 1996

Br J Nutr

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“…Ammonia is excreted in the urine in the form of urea or as free ammonia to aid the secretion of hydrogen ions for the purpose of maintaining blood pH balance (Health Canada, 1987;Mossberg, 1967;Milne et al, 1958;Vitti et al, 1964;WHO, 1986 and. In the human body, approximately 4 g of ammonia per day is produced within the gastrointestinal tract through the biological degradation of nitrogenous matter.…”

Section: Adme Of Ammonia From Ammonium Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ammonia is present in all tissues and constitutes a metabolic pool from which it can be taken up by glutamic acid to be used in various transamination and other reactions. Ammonia is excreted in the urine in the form of urea or as free ammonia to aid the secretion of hydrogen ions for the purpose of maintaining blood pH balance (Health Canada, 1987;Mossberg, 1967;Milne et al, 1958;Vitti et al, 1964;WHO, 1986 and.…”

Section: Adme Of Ammonia From Ammonium Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety of ferrous ammonium phosphate as a source of iron added for nutritional purposes to foods for the general population (including food supplements) and to foods for particular nutritional uses

2010

EFSA Journal

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Suggested citation purposes: EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (ANS); Scientific Opinion on the safety of ferrous ammonium phosphate as a source of iron added for nutritional purposes to foods for the general population (including food supplements) and to foods for particular nutritional uses. ABSTRACTThe Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion on the safety of Ferrous Ammonium Phosphate (FAP) when added for nutritional purposes in foodstuffs for particular nutritional uses (PARNUTS) and foods intended for the general population (including food supplements) as a source of iron and on the bioavailability of iron from this source. FAP is stable at neutral pH in formulated foods. The bioavailability of iron from FAP was shown to be within the range of that from other iron salts used for fortification purposes, and specifically, less than that from ferrous sulphate and greater than that from ferric pyrophosphate. In intended food categories, FAP provides between 0.7 to 14 mg of iron per serving, which corresponds to 5 to 100% of the RDA for iron in adults. Studies evaluating the toxicity of FAP in experimental animals have not been conducted. FAP dissociates under the low pH conditions of the stomach in its components, thus releasing ferrous, ammonium and phosphate ions. Given the previous evaluations of ferrous, ammonium and phosphate salts as food additives and as nutrient sources by the SCF, EFSA and JECFA and that the available information on their toxicity did not identify toxicological effects, the Panel considers that additional toxicological data on FAP are not required. The Panel concludes that the use of FAP as a source of iron in PARNUTS and in foods intended for the general population (including food supplements), at the proposed use levels, is not of safety concern provided that established upper safety limits for iron are not exceeded. KEY WORDSFerrous ammonium phosphate, FAP, CAS Registry Number 10101-60-7, Iron(II) ammonium phosphate, Ammonium iron(II) phosphate, Phosphoric acid ammonium iron(II) salt (1:1:1).

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“…The lower the pH is in a compartment the higher the amount of ammonia may be (U.S. National Research Council, 1979). Although most ingested ammonia that is absorbed in the intestine is transformed to urea by the liver, some nitrogen from ammonia has been reported to be incorporated into tissue proteins (Vitti et al, 1964;Richards et al, 1968;Fürst et al, 1970).…”

Section: Ii2 Mtamdi Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 46, Revision 1 (FGE.46Rev1): Ammonia and three ammonium salts from chemical group 30

Flavourings¹

2011

EFSA Journal

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Utilization of ammonia nitrogen, administered by intragastric, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes: Effects of growth hormone

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: incorporation of¹⁵N from¹⁵NH₄Cl into lysine in the tissues of germ-free and conventional rats

Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: incorporation of¹⁵N from¹⁵NH₄Cl into lysine in the tissues of germ-free and conventional rats

Scientific Opinion on the safety of ferrous ammonium phosphate as a source of iron added for nutritional purposes to foods for the general population (including food supplements) and to foods for particular nutritional uses

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 46, Revision 1 (FGE.46Rev1): Ammonia and three ammonium salts from chemical group 30

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Utilization of ammonia nitrogen, administered by intragastric, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes: Effects of growth hormone

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: incorporation of15N from15NH4Cl into lysine in the tissues of germ-free and conventional rats

Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: incorporation of15N from15NH4Cl into lysine in the tissues of germ-free and conventional rats

Scientific Opinion on the safety of ferrous ammonium phosphate as a source of iron added for nutritional purposes to foods for the general population (including food supplements) and to foods for particular nutritional uses

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 46, Revision 1 (FGE.46Rev1): Ammonia and three ammonium salts from chemical group 30

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Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: incorporation of¹⁵N from¹⁵NH₄Cl into lysine in the tissues of germ-free and conventional rats

Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: incorporation of¹⁵N from¹⁵NH₄Cl into lysine in the tissues of germ-free and conventional rats