“…However, the use of nondisposable tips can be more challenging than the adoption of disposable tips. Typically, clinical as well as forensic investigators have been cautious about equipping their robotic workstation with nondisposable tips for processing biological samples due to potential cross-contamination issues (10,(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) despite the fact that nondisposable tips offer a high degree of precision when aspirating or dispensing liquids due to their specific manufacturing tolerances and engineered standards (7,(36)(37)(38). In addition, Teflon-coated stainless steel tips infrequently get plugged or damaged and therefore the tip replacement cost is minimal.…”