Utility of almond leaf (Terminalia cattapa) for improving growth and color quality of neon tetra fish (Paracheirodon innesi)

Abstract

Ornamental fish farming is easy to stress, which results in fading colors and patterns of the body. The effort to maintain the color and pattern of the fish’s body are using Almond leaf. This study aims to obtain the optimum concentration of Almond leaf in the maintenance of neon tetra fish, which is expected to improve the color quality and growth of fish. Neon tetra fish seeds measuring 1 - 2 cm were maintained in an aquarium sizing 25 cm x 40 cm x 28 cm with a stocking density of 4 tails liter−1. The completely randomized design (CRD) was applied with four treatments and three replications. The different of Almond concentrations as a treatment i.e. 0 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, and 750 ppm. Parameters measured such as survival (SR), growth (absolute length and weight), color quality (lightness, chroma, hue a, and b) and glucose levels. Water quality measured such as DO, temperature, pH, conductivity, TDS, ammonia and nitrite. The results showed that Almond leaf affected the growth of absolute length and absolute weight. Almond leaf with a concentration of 500 ppm could improve color quality, especially for green-red colors.

Somatic responses of injured Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) raised using various recipes of Thai herbal fermented water

“…Another study reported enhancements in growth parameters across several species following rearing in Indian almond leaf extract at appropriate concentrations (Ikhwanuddin et al, 2014;Nurhidayat et al, 2016;Ramos et al, 2020). Nevertheless, excessive concentrations of these extracts have been proven detrimental to aquatic fauna, such as the neon tetra fish, Paracheirodon innesi (Ardi et al, 2020), the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Ikhwanuddin et al, 2014), the Siamese fighting fish, Betta sp. (Nugroho et al, 2016(Nugroho et al, , 2017Malawa et al, 2022), the cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Nurhidayat et al, 2016) and the Amazon leaf fish, Monocirrhus polyacanthus (Ramos et al, 2020).…”

“…Furthermore, the coloration of ornamental fish can serve as a crucial indicator not only of their aesthetic quality but also of their health status (Yi et al, 2021). Nonetheless, the injury stress that occurred during the caudal fin regeneration and color development processes, as documented in the report by Malawa et al (2023), is a possible factor influencing various physiological processes, including altered shades of body color (Ardi et al, 2020). The current findings identified notable changes, such as significant decreases in some body color parameters (a*, h*, C*) in the injured fish in all herbal treatments, except for CT 2 relative to CT 1.…”

“…Other benefits have been reported regarding the use of certain herbs, specifically the optimal concentration of T. catappa leaf extract to enhance the survival rate, growth performance and feed utilization (Nugroho et al, 2016;Nurhidayat et al, 2016;Ramos et al, 2020). Additionally, this herb has been associated with improvements in digestive enzyme activities (Malawa et al, 2022) and skin coloration (Ardi et al, 2020;Malawa et al, 2022), but without affecting muscle quality and the whole-body composition in healthy fish (Malawa et al, 2022). However, an excessive concentration of its extract may adversely affect these parameters (Ikhwanuddin et al, 2014;Mininel et al, 2014).…”

Performance of Co-Housed Neon Tetras (Paracheirodon innesi) and Glowlight Rasboras (Trigonostigma hengeli) Fed Commercial Flakes and Lyophilized Natural Food

“…The final BW of neon tetras was significantly higher than the starting BW only in the T group. Among the few papers on P. innesi which could provide a point of reference [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ], it was established that these characids prefer high-protein diets (>50%) [ 30 , 31 ] and that animal protein provides better growth rates than plant protein [ 30 ]. This might be a slight suggestion that of the two tested commercial feeds, the protein content/origin of TetraMin flakes was preferred by neon tetras, at least due to its higher total dietary percentage (47.8%, as opposed to 43.3% in the Omega flakes).…”

“…In fact, breeding protocols were already developed years ago, including actual scientific research [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Meanwhile, some relatively basic feeding-oriented studies were conducted on the species [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ] and its congener, the cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956) [ 34 ], but only standard body morphometrics were reported, without providing any insight into the structure and condition of internal organs.…”