Uterotrophic effects of cow milk in immature ovariectomized Sprague–Dawley rats

Zhou, Hong; Qin, Li–Qiang; Ma, Defu; Wang, Peiyu

doi:10.1007/s12199-009-0123-8

Cited by 12 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Other reports have been published on estrogenic activity in milk (Zhou et al, 2010). Zhou et al (2010) also used Sprague-Dawley rats; however, they used ovariectomized, immature rats. These animals were exposed to powdered chow and milk for 7 d and used a negative control group that received powdered chow and water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lack of biologically active estrogens in commercial cow milk

Furnari

Maroun

Gyawali

et al. 2012

Journal of Dairy Science

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Recently, many studies have investigated potential estrogenic compounds in the human diet. Several of these investigations have studied cow milk, a mainstay of the diets of both young and old. In vitro studies have determined that estrogens can be found in milk, and that the concentration of estrogen may be correlated to the fat content in the milk. Regardless, the majority of these studies have concluded that the levels of estrogens in milk are too low to have a physiological effect. However, a recent study found that commercial 1% cow milk was uterotrophic in rats, suggesting that it contained biologically significant levels of estrogen. Using the rat model, we tested milk samples from commercial sources and with varying fat content for estrogenic activity. Ovariectomized female rats were given milk ad libitum for a period of 2 wk. After 12 d of treatment, rats were tested sequentially in an open field and an elevated plus maze to determine any effect of milk on anxiety levels. Upon completion of the behavior testing, uterine weights were examined. Regardless of milk type, no difference was observed in daily volume of milk consumed. Contrary to previous publications, no differences existed in either the behavior or the uterine weights between animals that consumed any milk type and the negative controls. These results demonstrated that none of the commercial milk types that we tested contained biologically significant estrogenic activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, given the smaller, younger rat model used, it is not unexpected. Unfortunately, no estrogentreated group was included in the Zhou et al (2010) study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of biologically active estrogens in commercial cow milk

Furnari

Maroun

Gyawali

et al. 2012

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Also, studies on animal models that deal with the impact of hormones in milk on health disorders are contradictory. Zhou et al [25] and Ganmaa et al [62] reported uterotrophic effects of milk feeding in ovariectomized immature rats.…”

Section: Hormones In Food Of Animal Origin and Consumers' Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormones in Food as a Potential Risk for Human Reproductive and Health Disorders

Snoj

2019

Acta Veterinaria

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In the last 60 years, milk, meat, and egg worldwide consumption per capita increased 2-, 3-, and 5-fold, respectively. In the same period, several studies have reported a drop of semen quality and an increased incidence of cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and some hormone-related cancers (testicular, prostate, breast, endometrial cancer) in humans. A possible reason for these disruptions is increased exposure to exogenous hormones in food of animal origin. Hormones in food are considered to affect the endocrine system and cell signaling and thus disrupt homeostasis in the consumers. Since food safety assurance is a part of the veterinary service, the risk assessment of hormones in food as potential disruptive compounds is a significant challenge. Numerous cohort and epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses have been performed with respect to find an association between the consumption of food of animal origin and particular health disorders. Additionally, several studies in animal models have been performed to explain the mechanisms of disruptive effects of exogenous hormones. Since contradictory results have been reported, there is no general conclusion about the disruptive effects of exogenous hormones. Further experiments on animals in which long-term treatment with exogenous hormones is performed and further comprehensive endocrinological, toxicological, and human epidemiological studies are needed to confirm or deny the role of exogenous hormones in human health disorders. Moreover, long-term exposure to a combination of several exogenous compounds, such as environmental pollutants and dietary hormones and their additive effects, are also not well known and should be a topic for further studies.

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“…Malekeinejad et al (2006) measured 8.2 -20 pg mL -1 of E1 and 10.3 -20.6 pg mL -1 of E2 in milk, and they also found a correlation between milk fat content and concentrations of estrogens. In another study, commercial milk E1 and E2 concentrations were reported to be 150 and 34 pg mL -1 , respectively (Zhou et al, 2010). In dairy products, P4 concentrations also correlated with milk fat content and were found to be, on average, 12 ng mL -1 in whole milk (Malekinejad and Rezabakhsh, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Some studies suggest that consumption of milk and thus exposure to cows' estrogens might be involved in reproductive and developmental disorders and in increased incidence of hormone related cancers in humans (Maruyama et al, 2010;Ganmaa et al, 2005;Ganmaa et al, 2001;Sharp and Skakkbeak, 1993). Additionally, milk P4 might have an uterotrophic effect in experimental animals (Zhou et al, 2010). However, other studies failed to demonstrate the connection between milk consumption and endocrine disruption (Grgurevič et al, 2016;Larsson et al, 2015;Davoodi et al, 2013;Ganmaa et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrone, 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations in processed milk with different fat contents

et al. 2017

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Introduction. The aim of this study was to determine estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations in processed milk with different fat contents and to compare the concentrations of these hormones in commercial ultrahigh temperature (UHT) processed milk and commercial pasteurized milk. Materials and Methods. Commercial milks with different fat contents (UHT 0.5 %, UHT 1.5 %, UHT 3.5 % and pasteurized 3.5 % (10 samples of each type of milk)) were purchased in local stores. E1, E2 and P4 concentrations were determined by commercial ELISA kits. Results and Conclusions. E1 concentrations were below the limit of detection (15 pg mL-1) in all milks except in two UHT 3.5 % (out of 10) and two pasteurized 3.5 % (out of 10) milk samples. Mean E2 and P4 concentrations in UHT 3.5 % milk (25.37 ± 1.15 pg mL-1 and 10.76 ± 0.43 ng mL-1 , respectively) were significantly higher than in UHT 0.5 % milk (19.38 ± 0.79 pg mL-1 and 7.06 ± 0.26 ng mL-1 , respectively). Significant positive correlations were determined between hormone concentrations and milk fat contents. Relatively high E2 and P4 concentrations indicate that the bulk of milk in the commercial milks examined originated from pregnant cows.

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Uterotrophic effects of cow milk in immature ovariectomized Sprague–Dawley rats

Cited by 12 publications

References 39 publications

Lack of biologically active estrogens in commercial cow milk

Lack of biologically active estrogens in commercial cow milk

Hormones in Food as a Potential Risk for Human Reproductive and Health Disorders

Estrone, 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations in processed milk with different fat contents

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