Uterine torsion in late gestation alpacas and llamas: 60 cases (2000–2009)

Disorders and Diseases of Pregnancy

“…64 However, the decision to deliver the fetus by cesarean section should not be based on pregnancy duration only. In our hands, rolling carries better prognosis for nonterm torsion, whereas cesarean delivery in term cases is better for the survival of the cria.…”

“…64 In cases of severe torsion, animals that present to a referral center sooner are likely to be less debilitated. 64 In cases of severe torsion, animals that present to a referral center sooner are likely to be less debilitated.…”

“…Sedation and or epidural anesthesia may be required for palpation per rectum. 63,64 The occurrence of counterclockwise torsion cannot be explained by pregnancies in the right horn. Therefore, the most definitive means of diagnosis is palpation of the broad ligaments, noting the degree of tension and location of the fetus.…”

Parturition and Obstetrics

“…[15][16][17][18] Term uterine torsion with a live fetus is preferably relieved by rolling while the fetus is maintained in a stable position by vaginal manipulation or by cesarean section. [15][16][17][18] Term uterine torsion with a live fetus is preferably relieved by rolling while the fetus is maintained in a stable position by vaginal manipulation or by cesarean section.…”