USP31 serves as a potential biomarker for predicting prognosis and immune responses for clear cell renal cell carcinoma via single‐cell and bulk RNA‐sequencing

Abstract

BackgroundCurrently, there is no research available on the prognosis, potential effect and therapeutic value of USP31 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). To address this gap, the present study aimed to shed light on its potential roles and possible mechanisms in ccRCC.MethodsR software was utilized to conduct bioinformatics analyses with the data derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (i.e. KIRC) and Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. The expression of USP31 in ccRCC was validated by a PCR. The independent prognostic ability of USP31 was evaluated by Cox regression analysis. We conducted gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to explore the potential USP31‐related pathways. We also discussed the relationships between USP31 and immunity, by predicting its possible upstream transcription factors (TFs) by ChEA3.ResultsIn ccRCC, USP31 demonstrated a high level of expression and this increased expression was correlated with a poor prognosis (p < 0.05). Through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, USP31 was identified as an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC (p < 0.05). Furthermore, eight USP31‐related pathways were identified by GSEA (p < 0.05). Moreover, USP31 was found to be associated with microsatellite instability, tumor microenvironment, a variety of immune cells and immune checkpoints and immune infiltration (p < 0.05). Additionally, Patients with high USP31 expression in ccRCC were shown to have better curative effects after immunotherapy (p < 0.05). Finally, we found that AR, USF1, MXI1 and CLOCK could be the potential upstream TFs of USP31.ConclusionsUSP31 could serve as a potential biomarker for predicting both prognosis and immune responses, revealing its potential mechanisms of TF‐USP31 mRNA networks in ccRCC.

Low-Salt Diet Regulates the Metabolic and Signal Transduction Genomic Fabrics, and Remodels the Cardiac Normal and Chronic Pathological Pathways

“…Analysis of the regulation of expression control (illustrated in Figure 3 c for several purine metabolism genes) provides additional, non-redundant information about the LSD transcriptomic effects on the heart’s left ventricle. Of all 19,605 quantified genes, the largest increase in ΔREC in LSD was exhibited by Usp31 (ΔREC = 2411%), a potential biomarker [ 89 ] for clear cell renal cell carcinoma [ 90 ] and Syt11 (ΔREC = 1517%), known for its role in atrial fibrillation [ 72 ]. In contrast, Mcph1 (microcephaly, primary autosomal recessive 1, ΔREC = −3515%), involved in determining the mitral valve diameter [ 71 ] and DNA-damage signaling and repair [ 91 ], and Aldh3a2 (ΔREC = −1559%) had the largest reduction in the expression control.…”

Low-salt Diet Regulates the Metabolic and Signal Transduc-tion Genomic Fabrics, and Remodels the Cardiac Normal and Chronic Pathological Pathways

“…Analysis of the Regulation of Expression Control (illustrated in Figure 3c for several purine metabolism genes) provides additional, non-redundant information about the LSD transcriptomic effects on the heart's left ventricle. Of all 19,605 quantified genes, the largest increase of ΔREC in LSD was exhibited by Usp31 (ΔREC = 2,411%), a potential biomarker [89] for clear cell renal cell carcinoma [90], and Syt11 (ΔREC = 1,517%), known for its role in atrial fibrillation [72]. In contrast, Mcph1 (microcephaly, primary autosomal recessive 1, ΔREC = -3,515%), involved in determining the mitral valve diameter [71] and DNA damage signaling and repair [91], and Aldh3a2 (ΔREC = -1,559%) had the largest reduction of the expression control.…”