Using zircon U–Pb ages to constrain the provenance and transport of heavy minerals within the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea

Zhong, Ling; Li, Gang; Yan, Wen; Xia, Bin; Feng, Yuexing; Li, Miao; Zhao, Jian‐xin

doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.11.019

Cited by 36 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…It is widely accepted that the Zhuhai Formation was deposited in continental-marine transitional environment and was likely fed by the paleo-Pearl River through the SCB (Shao et al, 2008(Shao et al, , 2016bShi et al, 2014;Shu et al, 2014;Zhao et al, 2015b). The age distribution is consistent with that of modern sediment samples from the northwestern shelf of SCS (Pearl River mouth and surrounding area) that are interpreted as mainly derived from the Pearl River system (Figure 6g; sites are shown in Figure 1b; Zhong et al, 2017).…”

Section: Detrital Zircon Provenancesupporting

confidence: 82%

“… A comparison of detrital zircon U‐Pb ages from samples of the (a) Wenchang, (b) Enping, and (c) Zhuhai formations from this study with (d) Eocene samples from the L21 borehole from Shao et al ( ; site is shown in Figures and ), (e) Eocene samples from IODP Site U1435 from Liu et al (; site is shown in Figure ), (f) Oligocene samples from the X28 borehole from Shao et al (; site is shown in Figure ), (g) modern sediment samples from northwestern shelf of SCS from Zhong et al (; sites are shown in Figure ), (h) samples from northeastern part of modern Pearl River from Xu et al () and Zhao et al (2015), and (i) samples from western part of the modern Pearl River from Zhao et al (2015). Kernel density estimation (KDE) (Vermeesch, ) shown in blue and open rectangles are age histograms (50 Ma bin size).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Red circle is L21 borehole and IODP Site U1435 from Shao et al (2016) and Liu et al (), respectively. Black solid circles are modern shelf sample sites of Zhong et al (). Major faults: (1) Changle‐Nan'ao fault; (2) Zhenghe‐Dapu fault; (3) Jiangshan‐Shaoxing fault; (4) Anhua‐Luocheng fault; and (5) Yangjiang‐Yitongansha fault.…”

Section: Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Detrital Zircon Geochronology to Constrain Paleogene Provenance and Its Relationship to Rifting in the Zhu 1 Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

Wei

Bidgoli

et al. 2017

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Paleogene syn‐rift successions in the South China Sea are poorly understood and systematic provenance analysis, which could provide clues to their history, is lacking. Here we report 409 new concordant U‐Pb ages from detrital zircons separated from the Paleogene Wenchang, Enping, and Zhuhai formations in the Zhu 1 depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin. The new data, combined with the published age data from the region, document changes in the provenance of syn‐rift successions. Detrital zircons from the Eocene Wenchang Formation are unimodal, with Jurassic‐Cretaceous (180–80 Ma) ages making up >80% of grains. The ages are consistent with the geochronology of intrabasinal highs, dominated by igneous rocks emplaced during the Yanshanian orogeny, and suggest local provenance. By contrast, detrital zircons from the upper Eocene to lower Oligocene Enping Formation form three well‐recognized age‐clusters, with peaks at 150, 254, and 438 Ma that match documented tectonomagmatism in South China Block (SCB). Combined with increasing numbers of Precambrian zircons, the data suggest increasing influence of regional provenance of the SCB. Similar age peaks are also recognized from the limited number of zircons analyzed from the upper Oligocene Zhuhai Formation and comparability with modern shelf and river sediment indicates the unit was mainly sourced from the SCB and likely transported by a paleo‐Pearl River. We infer that the change in provenance, from local uplifts within the Zhu 1 to the SCB, is related to distinct phases of PRMB rift development; however, later changes are best explained by SCB drainage evolution.

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Section: Detrital Zircon Provenancesupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Detrital Zircon Geochronology to Constrain Paleogene Provenance and Its Relationship to Rifting in the Zhu 1 Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

Wei

Bidgoli

et al. 2017

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Zircon U-Pb age probability density plots of samples from Well BY7-1-1. Data of the modern sandstone in the Pearl River Mouth Basin are fromZhong et al (2017). Note the near identical zircon age distribution of Middle-Upper Miocene samples and the modern sands from the Xiangjiang River and the different spectrum from the modern Pearl River.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data of the modern Xiangjiang and Beijiang Rivers are fromHe et al (2014) andXu et al (2007). Data of the modern sandstone in the Pearl River Mouth Basin are fromZhong et al (2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tectonic Topography Changes in Cenozoic East Asia: A Landscape Erosion‐Sediment Archive in the South China Sea

Yan

Yao

Tian

et al. 2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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The mode and tempo of Cenozoic fluvial input into the South China Sea by Asian rivers were strongly controlled by tectonically induced topographic changes and landscape development that resulted in repeated river captures and reversals. New Nd isotope and U‐Pb detrital zircon data from clastic sedimentary sequences in the northern South China Sea display secular variations reflecting significant changes in the compositions of fluvial sediment as well as changes in source rocks. The oldest, Eocene‐Oligocene (before ∼25 Ma) clastic rocks of the South China Sea contain sediments with ɛNd values of −5 to −7.5 and detrital zircons of Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Permo‐Triassic, all derived from southern Cathaysia. The Oligocene‐Middle Miocene (∼25–11 Ma) sediments in the South China Sea strata display ɛNd values of −12 to −14 and Archean, Proterozoic, and Paleozoic detrital zircons, suggesting northern Cathaysia and/or the Yangtze Blocks as their provenance. The headward expansion of the Pearl River and reversal of the Middle Yangtze River correlates with the opening of the South China Sea and growth of the eastern Tibetan Plateau at ∼25 Ma. Further uplift of the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Wuyi‐Nanling Mountains in SE China around 11 Ma reshaped the landscape and caused another phase of erosion—pattern adjustment and drainage—divide migration in East Asia, leading to the establishment of the modern fluvial systems of the Pearl, Minjiang, and Lower Yangtze Rivers.

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Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals

et al. 2022

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Heavy minerals (HMs) are used in many high-tech applications (e.g. nuclear reactors, photovoltaic cells, electronics, green, and nano- and space technology), and thus global demand is increasing day by day. This review article is focused on the global distribution, genesis, economic geology, exploration and exploitation, demand (i.e. past, present, and future status of annual global production, consumption, and price), applications (geological and industrial uses), and major environmental issues mostly related to the HM sand industry. Heavy mineral deposits are distributed in more than 45 countries. Major HM deposits are located in Australia, Asia, and Africa, as secondary coastal placers bordering the Indian Ocean. Onshore and offshore deposits in the Americas, Europe, and other countries also contribute to the global HM market. Heavy mineral deposits are categorised as primary (magmatic, hydrothermal, metamorphic) or secondary (weathered, eroded, and transported sediments) deposits. Titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element (REEs) bearing minerals are key industrial commodities in the current global market. The heavy mineral industry has experienced healthy growth in unit price and global production due to increased demand generated by rapidly expanding economies such as those of China and India. Global production of zircon, ilmenite, and rutile has gradually increased over the last few decades. Global apparent consumption of ilmenite declined slightly from 1970 to 1995, in part due to introduction of stringent regulatory measures and government environmental policies in Europe and North America, as the main consumers of HMs at present. Mining and utilisation planning following the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are highly appropriate for the sustainability of the HM industry, and to overcome ecological challenges, health issues, and social resistance towards HM exploitation. Finally, we forecast changes in production and price of three HMs (ilmenite, rutile, and zircon) for the decade from 2020 to 2030, assuming there are no disturbances in production due to external factors such as the Covid-19 global pandemic or unfavourable geopolitical interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12517-022-10874-0.

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Using zircon U–Pb ages to constrain the provenance and transport of heavy minerals within the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea

Cited by 36 publications

References 80 publications

Using Detrital Zircon Geochronology to Constrain Paleogene Provenance and Its Relationship to Rifting in the Zhu 1 Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

Using Detrital Zircon Geochronology to Constrain Paleogene Provenance and Its Relationship to Rifting in the Zhu 1 Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

Tectonic Topography Changes in Cenozoic East Asia: A Landscape Erosion‐Sediment Archive in the South China Sea

Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals

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