“…It is because of the mud volcanic eruption in 2006 and subsequent mudflow diversion known as LUSI (acronym of lumpur (mud) and sidoarjo (the regency name)) [23]. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of LUSI's high sediment load on the Porong River, the Porong Estuary, and surrounding coastal waters [21,24,25] and the development of mangrove on the created wetland in general [26][27][28]. However, none of them explored the mangrove dynamics and investigated the structural characterisation of the mangroves in the rapidly prograding delta.…”
This article presents a novel approach to explore mangrove dynamics on a prograding delta by integrating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite imagery. The Porong Delta in Indonesia has a unique geographical setting with rapid delta development and expansion of the mangrove belt. This is due to an unprecedented mud load from the LUSI mud volcanic eruption. The mangrove dynamics analysis combines UAV-based Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and 11 years (2009–2019) satellite imagery cloud computing analysis by Google Earth Engine (GEE). Our analysis shows unique, high-spatiotemporal-resolution mangrove extent maps. The SfM photogrammetry analysis leads to a 3D representation of the mangrove canopy and an estimate of mangrove biophysical properties with accurate height and individual position of the mangroves stand. GEE derived vegetation indices resulted in high (three-monthly) resolution mangrove coverage dynamics over 11 years (2009–2019), yielding a value of more than 98% for the overall, producer and consumer accuracy. Combining the satellite-derived age maps and the UAV-derived spatial tree structure allowed us to monitor the mangrove dynamics on a rapidly prograding delta along with its structural attributes. This analysis is of essential value to ecologists, coastal managers, and policymakers.
“…It is because of the mud volcanic eruption in 2006 and subsequent mudflow diversion known as LUSI (acronym of lumpur (mud) and sidoarjo (the regency name)) [23]. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of LUSI's high sediment load on the Porong River, the Porong Estuary, and surrounding coastal waters [21,24,25] and the development of mangrove on the created wetland in general [26][27][28]. However, none of them explored the mangrove dynamics and investigated the structural characterisation of the mangroves in the rapidly prograding delta.…”
This article presents a novel approach to explore mangrove dynamics on a prograding delta by integrating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite imagery. The Porong Delta in Indonesia has a unique geographical setting with rapid delta development and expansion of the mangrove belt. This is due to an unprecedented mud load from the LUSI mud volcanic eruption. The mangrove dynamics analysis combines UAV-based Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and 11 years (2009–2019) satellite imagery cloud computing analysis by Google Earth Engine (GEE). Our analysis shows unique, high-spatiotemporal-resolution mangrove extent maps. The SfM photogrammetry analysis leads to a 3D representation of the mangrove canopy and an estimate of mangrove biophysical properties with accurate height and individual position of the mangroves stand. GEE derived vegetation indices resulted in high (three-monthly) resolution mangrove coverage dynamics over 11 years (2009–2019), yielding a value of more than 98% for the overall, producer and consumer accuracy. Combining the satellite-derived age maps and the UAV-derived spatial tree structure allowed us to monitor the mangrove dynamics on a rapidly prograding delta along with its structural attributes. This analysis is of essential value to ecologists, coastal managers, and policymakers.
“…The capacities of commercial satellite platforms have expanded considerably in recent years, providing new opportunities for monitoring water bodies. Maxar's Quickbird, WorldView‐2 and ‐3 platforms offer unparalleled image clarity at resolutions <0.5 m, allowing delineation of fine water features (e.g., Kaiser et al., 2021; Setiawan et al., 2019). However, Maxar imagery can be unaffordable for regional applications and change analysis.…”
High latitude lakes and ponds are heavily impacted by climate change (Webb et al., 2022;Xu et al., 2022), and many studies report severe changes in open water extent following shifts in precipitation patterns, loss of sub-surface permafrost, land collapse, and other climate-caused ecosystem disturbances (Arp
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