Using Wireless Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Predict Wound Prognosis in Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To use wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to determine the effect of Buerger exercises on diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) healing. METHODS Study authors enrolled 50 consecutive patients in a 1-year prospective observational study of DFUs. The patients were divided into groups by their arterial statuses: group A (no peripheral arterial disease [PAD]), group B (PAD without angioplasty), and group C (PAD with angioplasty). Tissue perfusion was assessed through wireless wearable NIRS to determine the effects of Buerger exercises on wound healing. MAIN RESULTS The patients in group C were older, were more likely to have had an amputation, and had more severe wounds than did the patients in other groups. The requirements of insulin injection for diabetes mellitus control differed significantly (P = .024) among the three groups. At the end of the survey, 19 patients (38%) had unhealed DFUs. The NIRS revealed that most nonhealed patients in groups B and C shared higher resting hemoglobin levels and tissue blood volume and lower tissue oxygen concentration, which indicated inflammation accompanied by higher blood flow and oxygen consumption. Notably, the nonhealed patients in group C showed paradoxically reduced hemoglobin and tissue blood volume after the exercises. CONCLUSIONS Although DFUs remain a challenge to treat, NIRS may prove valuable in predicting wound healing by identifying risk factors for poor wound prognosis, such as reduced hemoglobin and tissue blood volume after exercise.

Effects of Infrared Combined with Methylcobalamin on the Vibratory Sensory Threshold and Nerve Conduction Velocity of the Lower Extremity in Patients with Diabetic Foot Treatment

“…Meanwhile, methylcobalamin has strong affinity for nerves, which can promote nerve regeneration and increase the blood flow in the nerve endothelium, regulate the neurotrophic state, and enhance the conduction speed of motor nerves [11]. Infrared therapy instrument is an important physical therapy for diabetic foot, which can irradiate deep tissues by 3 Disease Markers combining infrared and red light, and the heat generated during infrared therapy can stimulate local blood vessels by acting on damaged parts, which can effectively dilate, improve local blood circulation, reduce nerve tissue hypoxia and ischemia, and restore local tissue oxygen and nutrient supply, thus shortening the healing time of the wound [12,13]. The results of this study showed that the total efficiency of the study group was higher than that of the control group, and the vibratory sensory threshold and nerve conduction speed of the lower limbs were better than those of the control group (P < 0:05), which confirmed that the combined treatment of diabetic foot with methylcobalamin and infrared rays could effectively regulate the state of the lower limbs and facilitate the improvement of the treatment effect of the disease.…”

Evaluation of static ulcer on lower extremities using wireless wearable near-infrared spectroscopy device: Effect of deep venous thrombosis on TRiggered Angiography Non-Contrast-Enhanced sequence magnetic resonance imaging

“…The light emitting–detecting probe was designed to be placed in contact with the morbid limb of the dorsal foot, provide a dual-wavelength near-infrared light source, and detect diffusely reflected near-infrared light. 7,8 A near-infrared light-emitting diode (SMT735/850, EPITEX, Japan) and photodiode (PD15-22 C/TR8, EVERLIGHT, Taiwan) were used for providing the dual-wavelength near-infrared light source (<3 mW) and detecting the reflected light, respectively. The wireless signal acquisition module was designed to amplify and digitize the reflected light and then transmit the signal to the back-end laptop through Bluetooth.…”

“…Recently, we also applied NIRS in estimating foot vascular status and predicting wound prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers. 7,8 In the present study, we used TRANCE-MRI to determine whether venous thrombi are present in patients with static ulcer and analyzed tissue perfusion by using a wireless wearable NIRS device. 7,9…”

Biophotonics methods for functional monitoring of complications of diabetes mellitus

“…Tissue oxygen saturation, chromophores content, blood volume and diabetic wounds [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Hyperspectral imaging Chromophores content, the thickness of the epidermis, blood filling, oxygen saturation, wound development prediction and healing assessment [24,[33][34][35][36] Fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging…”

“…In recent studies related to diabetes, NIRS was further developed. Noninvasive wearable wireless devices that implement this technology are being developed to visualize the condition of ulcers at home [32].…”