“…Recently, measurements of umbo velocity using laser-Doppler vibrometry (LDV) and wideband acoustic immittance ( WAI ) measured in ear canals over a wide frequency range have been shown to aid in the non-invasive diagnosis of conductive disorders with aerated middle ears, including ossicular fixation, disarticulation, and SCD (e.g. Rosowski et al, 2003; Whittemore et al, 2004; Feeney et al, 2003; Allen et al, 2005; Rosowski et al, 2008; Feeney et al, 2009; Shahnaz et al, 2009a; Shahnaz et al, 2009b; Withnell et al, 2009; Voss et al, 2012; Nakajima et al, 2012; Nakajima et al, 2013; Prieve et al, 2013; Merchant et al, 2015). Collectively, these studies demonstrate that broadband measurements of middle-ear mobility, including WAI, can aid in the non-invasive differential diagnosis of conductive pathologies.…”