Using warnings to reduce categorical false memories in younger and older adults

Carmichael, Anna M.; Gutchess, Angela H.

doi:10.1080/09658211.2015.1059454

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Indeed, older adults receiving cue-utilization instructions at retrieval demonstrated fewer false alarms (i.e., incorrectly identifying nonperformed actions as having been performed) as compared to older adults who did not receive instructions (Thomas & Bulevich, 2006). This work is consistent with how general warnings prior to encoding and/or retrieval can reduce false recognition in illusory memory paradigms (Carmichael & Gutchess, 2016; Lane et al, 2008; McCabe & Smith, 2002; Watson et al, 2004). Extending this work to populations with cognitive impairments represents an important next step.…”

Section: The Imagination Inflation Effect For Performed Actionssupporting

confidence: 83%

Cue-utilization in the imagination inflation effect paradigm in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

Clark¹,

Daley²,

Deason³

et al. 2022

Neuropsychology

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Objective: We investigated the imagination inflation effect in healthy older adults and older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to determine whether an intervention can reduce susceptibility to these distortions, with implications for daily functioning. Method: Fifty-seven older adults aged 69–90 participated. In Session 1, participants either: listened to an action statement being read, performed the action, or imagined performing the action. Actions were either functional (encountered actions of daily life; e.g., “fill the pillbox”) or nonfunctional (not routinely encountered; e.g., “put the toy duck on a plate”). During Session 2, participants imagined action statements from the first session. In Session 3, participants were asked to determine whether action statements were performed during the first session. Intervention participants were instructed before the first and third sessions to attend various sensory aspects of their experience using a cue-utilization technique. Results: Memory was worse for functional compared to nonfunctional actions. For older adults with MCI, the intervention increased correct identifications of functional actions that were performed. For healthy older adults, the intervention increased source memory of functional actions that were imagined. The intervention did not impact the accuracy of nonfunctional actions or the rates of misremembering an action as having been performed. Conclusions: These initial findings supported the efficacy of a cue-utilization intervention to improve memory for functional actions in an imagination inflation effect paradigm in community-dwelling older adults. The use of such strategies represents an important first step in designing interventions that are applicable to daily life.

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Section: The Imagination Inflation Effect For Performed Actionssupporting

confidence: 83%

Cue-utilization in the imagination inflation effect paradigm in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

Clark¹,

Daley²,

Deason³

et al. 2022

Neuropsychology

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“…It is evident that understanding the cognitive underpinnings of age-related increases in false memory susceptibility can inform strategies to improve memory accuracy in older adults. For instance, providing warnings of potential misinformation in memory accounts can reduce false alarms in older adults (Carmichael and Gutchess, 2015; Coane et al, 2015; Dodson et al, 2015; Watson et al, 2004). Moreover, directing attention towards differentiating information at encoding or retrieval (Dodson and Schacter, 2002; Koutstaal et al, 1999; Schacter et al, 1999), or encouraging careful consideration of source during recall (Henkel, 2008), also reduces age differences in false memories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

False memories with age: Neural and cognitive underpinnings

2016

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As we age we become increasingly susceptible to memory distortions and inaccuracies. Over the past decade numerous neuroimaging studies have attempted to illuminate the neural underpinnings of aging and false memory. Here we review these studies, and link their findings with those concerning the cognitive properties of age-related changes in memory accuracy. Collectively this evidence points towards a prominent role for age-related declines in medial temporal and prefrontal brain areas, and corresponding impairments in associative binding and strategic monitoring. A resulting cascade of cognitive changes contributes to the heightened vulnerability to false memories with age, including reduced recollective ability, a reliance on gist information and familiarity-based monitoring mechanisms, as well as a reduced ability to inhibit irrelevant information and erroneous binding of features between memory traces. We consider both theoretical and applied implications of research on aging and false memories, as well as questions remaining to be addressed in future research.

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“…Conversely, a variety of factors have consistently been proven to be effective at reducing false recognition. These include provision of explicit warnings prior to testing about the effect of false memory (Carmichael & Gutchess, 2016;Gallo, Roberts, & Seamon, 1997;Mccabe & Smith, 2002;Mcdermott & Roediger, 1998;Watson, Mcdermott, & Balota, 2004), higher levels of post-learning arousal (Nielson & Correro, 2017;Nitschke, Chu, Pruessner, Bartz, & Sheldon, 2019), social stress experienced before learning or at retrieval (Diekelmann, Wilhelm, Wagner, & Born, 2011;Pardilla-Delgado, Alger, Cunningham, Kinealy, & Payne, 2015;Smeets, Otgaar, Candel, & Wolf, 2008;Zoladz et al, 2014), and induced negative affect (Forgas, Laham, & Vargas, 2015;Storbeck, 2013;Storbeck & Clore, 2005. Moreover, social collaboration has also been shown to be capable of improving recall and recognition (Rajaram & Pereira-Pasarin, 2007;Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does social competition affect true and false recognition?

Liu

2020

Psychon Bull Rev

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Memory is highly susceptible to distortions, which can exert serious consequences in daily life. Despite this, we still know little about the role of factors that comprise social contexts in which memory processes occur. In the present study, we attempted to address this issue by examining how social competition influences true and false recognition. Participants performed a version of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm designed to lure them into producing both true and false recognition either in competition against or independently of another person. We found that participants in the competition group showed lower levels of true and false recognition than those in the control group. Signal-detection analyses revealed that participants in both groups showed equivalent memory sensitivity for true recognition, while those in the competition group exhibited a decreased sensitivity for false recognition, which implies enhanced item-specific encoding during social competition. Moreover, participants in the competition group showed a more conservative response bias for both true and false recognition at retrieval than those in the control group, indicating a shift towards conservatism in decision strategy for both true and false recognition during social competition. The results provide compelling evidence for a decision-based reduction of true recognition and both encoding-based and decision-based reductions of false recognition under competitive contexts. Therefore, these novel findings may have implications both for understanding the powerful role of social competition on true and false memories and for understanding the potential role of social competition on other aspects of memory processes.

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Using warnings to reduce categorical false memories in younger and older adults

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

Cue-utilization in the imagination inflation effect paradigm in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

Cue-utilization in the imagination inflation effect paradigm in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

False memories with age: Neural and cognitive underpinnings

How does social competition affect true and false recognition?

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