Using Virtual Product Development with Design of Experiments to Design Battery Packs for Electrified Powertrain

Abstract

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Stringent automotive legislation is driving requirements for increasingly complex battery pack solutions. The key challenges for battery pack development drive cost and performance optimisation, growth in architecture solutions, monitoring and safety through lifetime, and faster-to-market expectations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The battery Virtual Product Development (VPD) toolchain addresses these challenges and provides a solution to reduce the battery pack development time, cost and risk. The battery VPD toolchain is built upon scalable, validated sub-models of the battery pack that capture the interactions between the various domains; mechanical, electrical, thermal and hydraulic. The model fidelity can be selected at each stage of the design process allowing the right amount of detail, and available data, to be incorporated. The toolchain is coupled with vehicle simulation tools to rapidly assess performance of the complete electrified powertrain.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The aim of this study is to demonstrate an agile approach to battery pack concept development using VPD, enabled by Design of Experiments (DoE) and optimisation. Key battery parameters such as cell type, electrical configuration, thermal heat path design and cooling strategy are chosen as the design variables of a multi-staged DoE. The DoE test matrices of these parameters are generated and imported into the battery VPD toolchain with the vehicle simulation model to perform the energy efficiency and performance simulations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Finally, the simulation results are analysed to create surrogate models which can be used to predict powertrain attributes and optimise the battery pack design. The ability to front-load virtual battery pack concepts with vehicle simulations allow for wholistic performance assessment, ensuring that vehicle attribute targets such as pure electric range of WLTP, acceleration and maximum speed are met and reducing concept development time by up to 50% compared to the baseline approach.</div></div>

A Modelica Library for Modelling of Electrified Powertrain Digital Twins

“…The battery models describe not only the electrical behaviour of the battery but also the thermal response and aging characteristics (Einhorn, et al, 2011;Gerl, Janczyk, Krüger, & Modrow, 2014;Surewaard, Karden, & Tiller, 2003;Dao & Schmitke, 2015;Bao, Fotias, & McGahan, 2021). The most common representations of battery electrical behaviour are electrochemical models and Equivalent Circuit Models (ECM) (Fan, Pan, Bartlett, Canova, & Rizzoni, 2014;Perez, Shahmohammadhamedani, & Moura, 2015;Guo, Jin, & White, 2017;He, Xiong, & Fan, 2011;Chen & Rincon-Mora, 2006).…”