“…During the estrus, cows demonstrate characteristics such as mounting, increased body temperature and activity, and copious vaginal mucus discharge which is commonly observed around the vulva and in the tail (Talukder et al, 2018, Higaki et al, 2019. Recent studies measuring vaginal electrical resistance values in ewes, sows, female dogs, red foxes, and rats, and analyzed its correlation with estrus in Japanese Black heifers and cows have been reported (Talukder et al, 2018, Yatu et al, 2018, Higaki et al, 2019, Chesney et al, 2020, Lindh et al, 2020, Glencorse et al, 2023. However, there are no studies measuring vaginal electrical resistance in Hanwoo cows.…”