Using Traditional and Simulation Methods for C and N Cycling Studies with Additional Periods of Human Civilisation: Replicating the Procedures at Regional Levels Advocate

Paddy rice yield and greenhouse gas emissions: Any trade-off due to co-application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer? A systematic review

“…Particularly, in high yielding rice varieties, maximum grain yield is achieved by reliance on chemical fertilizer [ 1 ]. Their growths and developments are hinged on the presence of N [ [8] , [9] , [10] ], without N, yield is significantly reduced [ [11] , [12] , [13] ], thus leading to excessive N application which pollutes the environment [ 14 , 15 ], causes disruption in the N cycle, and lowers N use efficiency by plants [ 16 ]. It is estimated that between 50 and 70 % of the added N is lost to the environment [ 17 ] where they are transformed into different greenhouse gases (GHGs), air pollutants such as ammonia (NH 3 ) or N monoxide (NO), or are leached through nitrates (NO 3 − ), thereby making rice an important contributor to the current anthropogenic global warming [ [18] , [19] , [20] ].…”