Using the UTAUT2 model to explain public acceptance of conditionally automated (L3) cars: A questionnaire study among 9,118 car drivers from eight European countries

An Integrated Approach for Predicting Consumer Acceptance of Self-Driving Vehicles in the United States

“…The variables are facilitating conditions, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and attitude towards a self-driving vehicle. However, unlike the UTAUT, the AVAM, the CTAM, and the MAVA, this study posits facilitating conditions as having a direct impact on both performance expectancy and effort expectancy, as hypothesized by Nordhoff et al (2020). In addition, similar to the TAM, performance expectancy (i.e., perceived usefulness) and effort expectancy (i.e., perceived ease of use) are positioned as direct predictors of attitude towards a self-driving car (i.e., technology systems).…”

“…Both the AVAM and the CTAM conceptual frameworks propose that facilitating conditions will have a direct effect on the use behavior towards a self-driving vehicle. Nordhoff et al (2020) found facilitating conditions to be a significant positive predictor of effort expectancy for 9,118 drivers in eight European countries, concluding that individuals who think they have the necessary resources are more likely to consider (SAE Level 3) conditionally automated vehicles easy to use. However, Nordhoff et al (2020) did not find facilitating conditions as having a significant influence on performance expectancy of a conditionally automated vehicles (SAE Level 3) as the authors had hypothesized.…”

“…Recent studies have demonstrated the positive influence of perceived ease of use on the perceived usefulness of self-driving vehicles (Herrenkind et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019). Nordhoff et al, (2020) suggest that these findings imply that drivers who consider automated cars to be easy to use (i.e., effort expectancy) are more likely to consider automated cars useful (i.e., performance expectancy). However, Nordhoff et al, (2020) hypothesized, but did not find, effort expectancy as having a significant effect on performance expectancy of conditionally automated (SAE Level 3) vehicles among European drivers.…”

Physiological Measurements in Social Acceptance of Self Driving Technologies

“…This is especially true when they were asked about their future (expected) emotional states when traveling in a selfdriving vehicle. Concurrently, Nordhof et al [16] asked 9,118 car drivers from eight European countries using the UTAUT2 model to explain public acceptance of conditionally automated (L3) cars and found that hedonic motivation was identi ed as the strongest predictor from all UTAUT 2 variables of individuals' behavioural intention. Their results indicated that individuals who found conditionally automated cars to be fun and enjoyable were more likely to intend to use them.…”

“…Epochs with a signal range exceeding 100 µV (typically due to movement or blink artefacts) were excluded from further analysis. Power spectral densities (PSD) were calculated to alpha (8-12 Hz), beta(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) and gamma(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45) band ranges utilizing the Welch method. For each epoch, an index for valence (affectivity) and arousal were computed.…”