Using the Resolution Capability and the Effective Number of Measurements to Select the “Right” Terrestrial Laser Scanner

Schmitz, Berit; Coopmann, Daniel; Kuhlmann, Heiner; Holst, Christoph

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51953-7_7

Cited by 4 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…and the beam shape parameter σ b at the measurement distance d 1 can be calculated from the nominal or measured beam parameters following the Gaussian beam model [21][22][23] as…”

Section: Resolution Capabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The beam divergence Θ is 0.3 mrad (half-angle), which corresponds to a beam waist radius of about 1.6 mm. The optical wavelength of the laser is 1500 nm, reported in [21,34]. There is no information about the implemented modulation wavelengths in the specifications.…”

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter are based on the posterior variance factor and thus represent the actual misfit between the data from Table 1 and the model (25). Although it is theoretically possible to also estimate the optical wavelength λ of the measurement laser we have taken it as fixed herein, using the value λ = 1500 nm reported for this scanner in [21,34]. Practically, w would need to be determined experimentally at several distances close to the beam waist in addition to larger distances, otherwise λ, w 0 and f 0 are highly correlated.…”

Section: Beam Parameter Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reference [19] evaluated the interplay between scanning resolution and beam divergence empirically to derive practical insights for the appropriate choice of the scanning resolution and scanning configuration in view of the required level of detail of the resulting point cloud. Following the approach of [17] and using ad-hoc targets [15,20,21] focused on extensive experimental investigations of the RC of specific instruments, providing practical recommendations about the suitability of certain scanners and settings for given requirements in terms of level of geometric details represented by the point cloud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Section 5 shows experimental results comparing predicted and observed mixed pixel effects. In Section 6 we compare the RC for three scanners and different settings obtained from our analytical model to the results reported by [15,21] who used a specially designed target for an experimental investigation. The conclusions are given in Section 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Modeling Approach for Predicting the Resolution Capability in Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Chaudhry

Salido-Monzú

2021

Remote Sensing

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The minimum size of objects or geometrical features that can be distinguished within a laser scanning point cloud is called the resolution capability (RC). Herein, we develop a simple analytical expression for predicting the RC in angular direction for phase-based laser scanners. We start from a numerical approximation of the mixed-pixel bias which occurs when the laser beam simultaneously hits surfaces at grossly different distances. In correspondence with previous literature, we view the RC as the minimum angular distance between points on the foreground and points on the background which are not (severely) affected by a mixed-pixel bias. We use an elliptical Gaussian beam for quantifying the effect. We show that the surface reflectivities and the distance step between foreground and background have generally little impact. Subsequently, we derive an approximation of the RC and extend it to include the selected scanning resolution, that is, angular increment. We verify our model by comparison to the resolution capabilities empirically determined by others. Our model requires parameters that can be taken from the data sheet of the scanner or approximated using a simple experiment. We describe this experiment herein and provide the required software on GitHub. Our approach is thus easily accessible, enables the prediction of the resolution capability with little effort and supports assessing the suitability of a specific scanner or of specific scanning parameters for a given application.

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“…and the beam shape parameter σ b at the measurement distance d 1 can be calculated from the nominal or measured beam parameters following the Gaussian beam model [21][22][23] as…”

Section: Resolution Capabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Beam Parameter Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Modeling Approach for Predicting the Resolution Capability in Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Chaudhry

Salido-Monzú

2021

Remote Sensing

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Geometric accuracy investigations of terrestrial laser scanner systems in the laboratory and in the field

Kersten

Lindstaedt

2022

Appl Geomat

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This paper summarizes recent research into current terrestrial laser scanners undertaken by the HafenCity University Hamburg and gives an assessment of the geodetic accuracy of the latest generation of scanners. Three separate independent test methods are presented to investigate the geometric accuracy of terrestrial laser scanners under laboratory conditions: (a) distance measurement accuracy to b/w targets and spheres on the 20-m comparator track, (b) comparison of spatial distances in the 3D test field on b/w targets, and (c) investigation of the flatness deviation following the guideline VDI/VDE 2634 (VDI/VDE 2012) on a flat stone slab. The following laser scanners were tested in the lab: Leica BLK360 (2017), Leica RTC360 (2019), Z+F IMAGER 5016 (2019, 2020), Z+F IMAGER 5010 (2020), and Faro Focus3D X330 (2020). The reference measurements were realised with the Leica Absolute Tracker AT960 (2017, 2020) and with the Leica TS60 total station (2019). The results of the geometric accuracy tests in the laboratory show very small deviations in the range of 1–2 mm for most of the scanners, thus corresponding to the manufacturer’s specifications. In addition, five laser scanners were tested in accordance with instruction sheet 7-2014 of the German Society for Geodesy, Geoinformation and Land Management (DVW) for standardised testing of terrestrial laser scanners in the outdoor area of HafenCity University Hamburg. For the execution of the field test procedure, only the standard equipment and software of the respective manufacturers were used. The entire field test procedure, including data acquisition and evaluation, was completed within 4 to 5 h for each scanner. As expected, no significant distance or angle deviations were detected in any of the measurement systems, so that the tested laser scanners are ready-to-use, taking into account the measurement volume recorded.

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Towards the empirical determination of correlations in terrestrial laser scanner range observations and the comparison of the correlation structure of different scanners

Schmitz

Kuhlmann

Holst

2021

ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

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Using the Resolution Capability and the Effective Number of Measurements to Select the “Right” Terrestrial Laser Scanner

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

A Modeling Approach for Predicting the Resolution Capability in Terrestrial Laser Scanning

A Modeling Approach for Predicting the Resolution Capability in Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Geometric accuracy investigations of terrestrial laser scanner systems in the laboratory and in the field

Towards the empirical determination of correlations in terrestrial laser scanner range observations and the comparison of the correlation structure of different scanners

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