Using the Principles of Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics To Calculate the Melting and Boiling Points, Enthalpies and Entropies of Fusion and Vaporization of Water, and the Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation of Ideal and Nonideal Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

A spreadsheet-based project is presented that is designed to enhance and expand student understanding of phase transition properties of pure water and ideal and nonideal (electrolyte) aqueous solutions. Using fundamental principles of classical and statistical thermodynamics, students calculate the melting and boiling points, the enthalpies and entropies of fusion and vaporization of pure water, and the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation of ideal and nonideal aqueous solutions. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with literature values. Complete details are provided in the Supporting Information.

Role of FTFSI Anion Asymmetry on Physical Properties of AFTFSI (A=Li, Na and K) Based Electrolytes and Consequences on Supercapacitor Application

“…Colligative properties, such as freezing point depression (FPD), boiling point elevation (BPE), and enthalpies of vaporization depression are important properties for industrial application of an electrolyte especially in the battery field. For real solutions when a solute is added to the solvents, the interactions between the solvent molecules and the salt increase the boiling temperature of the pure solvent and lower vaporization enthalpy of pure solvent [67,68] . The boiling point of a solution with a nonvolatile solute is always higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent, the difference is called boiling point elevation (BPE).…”

“…For real solutions when a solute is added to the solvents, the interactions between the solvent molecules and the salt increase the boiling temperature of the pure solvent and lower vaporization enthalpy of pure solvent. [67,68] The boiling point of a solution with a nonvolatile solute is always higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent, the difference is called boiling point elevation (BPE). The enthalpy of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity of the solvent into gas is also lowered by addition of solute.…”

Construction of a Room-Temperature Eutectic Binary Phase Diagram by Use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry

“…The chemical potential of the solvent, i.e., μ solv,L , in the liquid phase is lowered as its mole fraction, i.e., x S , is lowered, see eq . , The solid and liquid phase are in equilibrium at the freezing temperature T freeze , see eq . Hence, the chemical potential of the solution is equal to the chemical potential of the solid, i.e., μ solv,S , see eq .…”

Teaching Thermodynamics with the Quantum Volume

“…Some are pictorial analogies intended for beginner students. , Others are appropriate for intermediate students who have completed their first year of freshmen science . The intermediate pictorial concepts range from probability, gas kinetics, and spreadsheets , to new diagrams . Lastly, there are advanced pictorial methods to visualize entropy intended for graduate students.…”