Using the locus of slack logic to determine whether the output form of inhibition of return affects an early or late stage of processing

Klein, Raymond M.; Kavyani, Maryam; Farsi, Alireza; Lawrence, Michael Anthony

doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.023

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…operating at or after the bottleneck, it will be the same regardless of the interval between targets. As can be seen in Figure 7 we found that IOR when generated while the reflexive oculomotor system was suppressed was operating early (Kavyani et al, 2017) whereas when IOR was generated while the reflexive oculomotor system was active (generated by a saccade to center after the drift-correction in the periphery) the effect was operating later (Klein et al, 2020).…”

Section: Measuring Aftere Ects Using the Psychological Refractory Per...mentioning

confidence: 71%

Visual search and the inhibitions of return

2023

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In the early 1980's independent research streams were launched by two of the 20th century's leading attention researchers. Anne Treisman's research program is best-known for distinguishing empirically between serial and pop-out search and for proposing feature integration theory and the idea of an attentional operator, that sequentially inspects items or groups of items when search is difficult. Among his many contributions to psychological science, Michael Posner is well-known for pioneering simple model tasks that made the allocation of visual attention in space amenable to scientific inquiry. When one version of the Posner cuing paradigm was used to explore visuospatial orienting it was serendipitously discovered that an “inhibitory” effect occurred in the aftermath of events that captured visuospatial attention involuntarily. This “inhibitory” phenomenon became known as Inhibition of Return (IOR), and, as implied by its name, the underlying mechanisms were thought to bias attention away from previously explored places. These two research programs were linked in 1988 when Raymond Klein exploited the distinction between pop-out and serial search to test and verify Posner's proposal that this inhibition might be a novelty seeking mechanism that could improve search efficiency. Subsequent research has identified at least two different inhibitory mechanisms that bias attention toward novelty. We present evidence using several diagnostics (central vs. peripheral targets, joint consideration of speed and accuracy, and the locus of slack logic embedded in the psychological refractory period effect) to illustrate the dual natures of IOR. The input form operates on a salience map that influences what will capture our attention, while the output form operates on a priority map that influences what behaviors (including orienting) are likely to be executed. The input form is generated when the reflexive oculomotor system is suppressed while the output form is generated when this system is not suppressed. We believe that both forms of IOR can serve the novelty seeking (and search facilitating) function proposed by Posner and others. Yet, many questions remain unanswered. Some of the many remaining puzzles will be described and we hope that our review will stimulate research to solve them.

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Section: Measuring Aftere Ects Using the Psychological Refractory Per...mentioning

confidence: 71%

Visual search and the inhibitions of return

2023

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“…Klein and colleagues (Kavyani, Farsi, Abdoli & Klein, 2017;Klein, Kavyani, Farsi & Lawrence, 2018) applied this logic to discern the stage at which the two forms of IOR may be Figure 4. Prediction of a central bottleneck model (as described by Pashler, 1998) when the interval (TTOA) between the onset of two stimuli, S1 and S2 requiring speeded responses, is relatively short (A) and relatively long (B).…”

Section: -2-prp and Locus Of Slackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of return: An information processing theory of its natures and significance

Redden

MacInnes

Klein

2021

Cortex

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Inhibition of return (IOR) is an inhibitory aftereffect of visuospatial orienting, typically resulting in slower responses to targets presented in an area that has been recently attended. Since its discovery, myriad research has sought to explain the causes and effects underlying this phenomenon. Here, we briefly summarize the history of the phenomenon, and describe the early work supporting the functional significance of IOR as a foraging facilitator. We then shine a light on the discordance in the literature with respect to mechanism-in particular the lack of theoretical constructs that can consistently explain innumerable dissociations. We then describe three diagnostics (central arrow targets, locus of slack logic and the Psychological Refractory Period, and performance in speed-accuracy space) used to support our theory that there are two forms of inhibition of return-the form which is manifest being contingent upon the activation state of the reflexive oculomotor system. The input form, which operates to decrease the salience of inputs, is generated when the reflexive oculomotor system is suppressed; the output form, which operates to bias responding, is generated when the reflexive oculomotor system is not suppressed, Then, we subjected a published data set, wherein inhibitory effects had been generated while the reflexive oculomotor system was either active or suppressed, to diffusion modelling. As we hypothesized, based on the aforementioned theory, the effects of the two forms of IOR were best accounted for by different drift diffusion parameters. The paper ends with a variety of suggestions for further research.

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Beyond mean reaction times: Combining distributional analyses with processing stage manipulations in the Simon task

Mittelstädt

Miller

2020

Cognitive Psychology

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Using the locus of slack logic to determine whether the output form of inhibition of return affects an early or late stage of processing

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

Visual search and the inhibitions of return

Visual search and the inhibitions of return

Inhibition of return: An information processing theory of its natures and significance

Beyond mean reaction times: Combining distributional analyses with processing stage manipulations in the Simon task

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