Using the characteristics of rootless cone deposits to estimate the energetics of explosive lava–water interactions

Fitch, Erin P.; Fagents, S. A.

doi:10.1007/s00445-020-01422-3

Cited by 7 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Red symbols in Figure 12 show the High-Λ scenario, where the particle roughness scale Λ is increased from 10 to 25 and other input parameters are held constant. Similar to Fitch and Fagents (2020), Λ has the largest influence on total ash surface area. Increasing Λ to 25 results in a proportional increase in initial surface area; the minimum value of S for the Reference scenario with no entrained external water is 860 m 2 /kg, and is 2160 m 2 /kg for the High-Λ scenario.…”

Section: Roughness and Fragmentation Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 91%

“…How to capture thoroughly these particle-scale effects and their consequences for the mean particle size distribution in an evolving volcanic jet mixture is unclear and remains a subject of vigorous research (e.g. Wohletz, 1983;Büttner et al, 2002Büttner et al, , 2006Mastin, 2007a;Woodcock et al, 2012;Patel et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2015;van Otterloo et al, 2015;Fitch and Fagents, 2020;Dürig et al, 2020b;Moitra et al, 2020). However, with a specified magmatic heat flow at the vent, considerations of the surface energy consumed to generate fine ash fragments (Sonder et al, 2011), guided by published experiments along with observational constraints on the hydromagmatic evolution of particle sizes (Costa et al, 2016), provide a way forward that is appropriate for a 1D integral model.…”

Section: Quench Fragmentation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since we assume that the energy consumption during quench fragmentation results from the generation of new surface area (Sonder et al, 2011;Dürig et al, 2012;Fitch and Fagents, 2020), we calculate the specific surface area at each particle bin size assuming spherical particle geometry,…”

Section: Quench Fragmentation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our fragmentation model aims to capture the essential energy and mass budget characteristics of quench fragmentation derived from observational and experimental constraints on the glass transition temperature T g (Dingwell, 1998), the fragmentation energy efficiency ζ (Sonder et al, 2011), particle roughness Λ (Zimanowski and Büttner, 2003;Fitch and Fagents, 2020), the initial PSD power-law exponent D (e.g. Girault et al, 2014), and measured hydrovolcanic particle sizes (Costa et al, 2016).…”

Section: Roughness and Fragmentation Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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External surface water influence on explosive eruption dynamics, with implications for stratospheric sulfur delivery and volcano-climate feedback

Rowell¹,

Jellinek²,

Hajimirza³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Explosive volcanic eruptions can inject sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the stratosphere to form aerosol particles that modify Earth’s radiation balance and drive surface cooling. Eruptions involving interactions with shallow layers (< 500 m) of surface water and ice modify the eruption dynamics that govern the delivery of SO2 to the stratosphere. External surface water potentially controls the evolution of explosive eruptions in two ways that are poorly understood: (1) by modulating the hydrostatic pressure within the conduit and at the vent, and (2) through the ingestion and mixing of external water, which governs fine ash production as well as eruption column buoyancy flux. To make progress, we couple one-dimensional models of magma flow in the conduit and atmospheric column rise through a novel ”magma-water interaction” model that simulates the occurrence, extent and consequences of water entrainment depending on the depth of a surface water layer. We explore the effects of hydrostatic pressure on magma ascent in the conduit and gas decompression at the vent, and the conditions for which water entrainment drives fine ash production by quench fragmentation, eruption column collapse, or outright failure of the jet to breach the water surface. We show that the efficiency of water entrainment into the jet is the predominant control on jet behavior. For an increase in water depth of 50 to 100 m, the critical magma mass eruption rate required for eruption columns to reach the tropopause increases by an order of magnitude. Finally, we estimate that enhanced emission of fine ash leads to up to a 2-fold increase in the mass flux of particles < 125 microns to spreading umbrella clouds, together with up to a 10-fold increase in water mass flux, conditions that can enhance the removal of SO2 via chemical scavenging and ash sedimentation. Overall, compared to purely magmatic eruptions, we suggest that hydrovolcanic eruptions will be characterized by a reduced delivery of SO2 to the stratosphere. Our results thus suggest the possibility of an unrecognized volcano-climate feedback mechanism arising from modification of volcanic climate forcing by direct interaction of erupting magma with varying distributions of water and ice at the Earth’s surface.

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Section: Roughness and Fragmentation Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Quench Fragmentation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quench Fragmentation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Roughness and Fragmentation Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

External surface water influence on explosive eruption dynamics, with implications for stratospheric sulfur delivery and volcano-climate feedback

Rowell¹,

Jellinek²,

Hajimirza³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…How to capture thoroughly these particle-scale effects and their consequences for the mean particle size distribution in an evolving volcanic jet mixture is unclear and remains a subject of vigorous research (e.g., Wohletz, 1983;Büttner et al, 2002Büttner et al, , 2006Mastin, 2007a;Woodcock et al, 2012;Patel et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2015;van Otterloo et al, 2015;Dürig et al, 2020b;Fitch and Fagents, 2020;Moitra et al, 2020;Hajimirza et al, 2022). However, with a specified magmatic heat flow at the vent, considerations of the surface energy consumed to generate fine ash fragments (Sonder et al, 2011), guided by published experiments along with observational constraints on the hydromagmatic evolution of particle sizes (Costa et al, 2016), provide a way forward that is appropriate for a 1D integral model.…”

Section: Quench Fragmentation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

External Surface Water Influence on Explosive Eruption Dynamics, With Implications for Stratospheric Sulfur Delivery and Volcano-Climate Feedback

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Explosive volcanic eruptions can inject sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the stratosphere to form aerosol particles that modify Earth’s radiation balance and drive surface cooling. Eruptions involving interactions with shallow layers (≤500 m) of surface water and ice modify the eruption dynamics that govern the delivery of SO2 to the stratosphere. External surface water controls the evolution of explosive eruptions in two ways that are poorly understood: 1) by modulating the hydrostatic pressure within the conduit and at the vent, and 2) through the ingestion and mixing of external water, which governs fine ash production and eruption column buoyancy flux. To make progress, we couple one-dimensional models of conduit flow and atmospheric column rise through a novel “magma-water interaction” model that simulates the occurrence, extent and consequences of water entrainment depending on the depth of a surface water layer. We explore the effects of hydrostatic pressure on magma ascent in the conduit and gas decompression at the vent, and the conditions for which water entrainment drives fine ash production by quench fragmentation, eruption column collapse, or outright failure of the jet to breach the water surface. We show that the efficiency of water entrainment into the jet is the predominant control on jet behavior. For an increase in water depth of 50–100 m, the critical magma mass eruption rate required for eruption columns to reach the tropopause increases by an order of magnitude. Finally, we estimate that enhanced emission of fine ash leads to up to a 2-fold increase in the mass flux of particles < 125 μm to spreading umbrella clouds, together with up to a 10-fold increase in water mass flux, conditions that can enhance the removal of SO2 via chemical scavenging and ash sedimentation. On average, compared to purely magmatic eruptions, we suggest that hydrovolcanic eruptions will be characterized by reduced climate forcing. Our results suggest one possible mechanism for volcano-climate feedback: temporal changes with climate in surface distributions of water and ice may modify the relative global frequency or dominance of hydrovolcanic eruption processes, modulating, in turn, global patterns in volcano-climate forcing.

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Apparently ‘dry’ littoral rootless cones in Hawaiʻi formed by sustained, “confined” mixing of lava and sea water

Holt

McPhie

Carey

2021

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Using the characteristics of rootless cone deposits to estimate the energetics of explosive lava–water interactions

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

External surface water influence on explosive eruption dynamics, with implications for stratospheric sulfur delivery and volcano-climate feedback

External surface water influence on explosive eruption dynamics, with implications for stratospheric sulfur delivery and volcano-climate feedback

External Surface Water Influence on Explosive Eruption Dynamics, With Implications for Stratospheric Sulfur Delivery and Volcano-Climate Feedback

Apparently ‘dry’ littoral rootless cones in Hawaiʻi formed by sustained, “confined” mixing of lava and sea water

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