Using the Bem and Klein Grid Scores to Predict Health Services Usage by Men

Reynolds, Grace L.; Fisher, Dennis G.; Dyo, Melissa; Huckabay, Loucine M.

doi:10.1080/08964289.2016.1154003

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Five of the 6 items were adopted from the Sexual Orientation Grid created by Klein et al, 23 which has been widely utilized in several studies. 24 , 25 The remaining item (affection) was newly included in this questionnaire. Although the original grid by Klein et al assesses sexual orientation in the past and present and as an ideal, we analyzed sexual orientation only at the present.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in gender identity and sexual orientation of university students

Yoshida,

Matsubara,

Ogata-Kawata

et al. 2023

Sexual Medicine

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Background Previous studies have shown that a small percentage of people in the general population have atypical gender identity and/or sexual orientation. Aim This study aimed to explore variations in gender identity and sexual orientation in university students and determine genetic factors associated with these variations. Methods Deviations from complete gender congruence and exclusive heterosexual orientation in 736 Japanese university students were quantitatively assessed with self-assessment questionnaires. Next, we conducted genetic tests for 80 participants who showed relatively low gender identity scores and/or atypical sexual orientation. These genetic tests consisted of repeat number analysis of the androgen receptor gene (AR) and a SKAT-O: an optimal unified sequence kernel association test, which is an exome-based rare variant association study. The results of the genetic tests were compared with the Japanese reference data and the results of our 637 control samples. Outcomes We calculated the gender identity and sexual orientation scores of all participants and analyzed the molecular data of 80 selected participants. Results The gender identity scores of 736 participants were broadly distributed: only ~15% of natal males and ~5% of natal females had the maximum score that corresponds to complete gender congruence. The sexual orientation scores also varied: ~80% of natal males and ~60% of natal females showed exclusive heterosexual orientation. We found no association between gender characteristics and AR repeat numbers. The SKAT-O showed that rare damaging variants of TDRP and 3 other genes were more common in the 80 participants than in the control group. Clinical Implications Our data support the view that gender is a phenotypic continuum rather than a binary trait. Strength and Limitations This study quantitatively assessed the gender characteristics of a large cohort of university students. Moreover, we conducted systematic screening for genetic factors associated with gender variations. The weaknesses of the study were the limited analytic power of the questionnaires, the relatively small sample for molecular analyses, and incomplete clinical information and relatively advanced ages of the control group. Conclusion This study revealed significant variations in gender identity and sexual orientation in university students, which may be partly associated with variants in TDRP or other genes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in gender identity and sexual orientation of university students

Yoshida,

Matsubara,

Ogata-Kawata

et al. 2023

Sexual Medicine

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“…Reynolds and colleagues’ paper highlights how even among a population of low income men, many of whom are homeless, being gay or bisexual still exacerbates men’s health risks and is associated with fewer outpatient visits than their heterosexual counterparts. 29 Cook and Calebs’ paper explores how the social stressors and stigma associated with sexual minority status can have deleterious effects on attachment, social connectivity and social support across the lifecourse. 30 Bauermeister and colleagues exploration of the sexual behaviors of young men who have sex with men again suggests that the intersection of multiple dimensions of vulnerability – living in lower socioeconomic disadvantaged neighborhoods, having fewer economic resources and having less stable housing – are linked to the need of these men commodifying their bodies for shelter, food or to fulfill other basic needs.…”

Section: Context Of Men’s Health Disparities Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biopsychosocial Approaches to Men's Health Disparities Research and Policy

Griffith

2016

Behavioral Medicine

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“…Previously published research on health services utilization among men may be determined by both insurance and noninsurance related characteristics (Edwards et al, 2007; Reynolds et al, 2016; Storholm et al, 2010). A qualitative study using semistructured interviews of men and women aged 18–64 identified both barriers and enablers of obtaining preventive care.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Role of the Medicaid Expansion in the Use of Preventive Health Care Services in California Men

Reynolds

Fisher

2020

Am J Mens Health

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Men’s use of preventive care services may be constrained due to a number of factors including lack of health care insurance. California used the Medicaid expansion provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to enroll low-income men between the ages of 18 and 64 years in publicly funded health insurance. Most studies on the effect of the ACA on health care services have focused on racial/ethnic differences rather than gender. Data from the California Health Interview Survey for the 2015–2016 survey period were used to model the use of preventive health care services in the year prior to interview. Population weights were used in the analysis which was done using PROC SURVEY LOGISTIC in SAS software, version 9.4. The sample consisted of men between the ages of 18 and 64 years ( N = 6,180). Of these 66% ( n = 4,088) reporting receiving any preventive care services in the year prior to interview. The largest proportions of respondents fell into the youngest group aged 18–25 (17%) followed by the oldest group aged 60–64 (16.9%); 43% reported they were married, 57% had incomes at greater than 300% of the federal poverty level. There was no effect of race or ethnicity on receiving preventive care services. Having a chronic condition such as hypertension or diabetes was associated with a greater odds of receiving preventive care. Expanding Medicaid to include low-income men below the age of 65 is associated with increased use of preventive health care, especially among those with chronic conditions.

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Using the Bem and Klein Grid Scores to Predict Health Services Usage by Men

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

Variations in gender identity and sexual orientation of university students

Variations in gender identity and sexual orientation of university students

Biopsychosocial Approaches to Men's Health Disparities Research and Policy

The Role of the Medicaid Expansion in the Use of Preventive Health Care Services in California Men

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