Using the 3-point bending method to study failure initiation in epoxide-aluminum joints

Sauvage, Jean-Baptiste; Aufray, Maëlenn; Jeandrau, Jean-Pierre; Chalandon, Pierre; Poquillon, Dominique; Nardin, M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.03.011

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…This is also in good agreement with the cross-eut test results obtained after ageing by immersion in water. We note that the measurement uncertainties are of the same order as those seen in the literature [24). During the seven days of ageing, water molecules, with their small size, can act as plasticizers in the system, which results in a diminution of the mechanical cohesion of the studied system [25).…”

Section: Information and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Fine-tuning of chemical and physical polymer surface modifications by atmospheric pressure post-discharge plasma and its correlation with adhesion improvement

Brès

Sanchot

Rives

et al. 2019

Surface and Coatings Technology

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This is an author's version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/23772 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACTKeywords: Three•polnt bendlng test Cross-eut test Adheslon mechanJsms Atmospherlc pressure plasma PEEKmatrlxOur study focuses on the use of a remote atmospheric pressure plasma process for the improvement of polymer surface reactivity. Indeed, surface activation of carbon-fiber-reinforced pol ym ers that use a poly etheretherketone matrix is required to achieve strong and long-term adhesion of paint on the composite. Emphasis 111,ill be placed on the contribution of gas plasma used on surface modification. We use two techniques to characterize adherence improvement: a qualitative and industrial approach with a cross-eut test and a quantitative approach with a three-point bending test. However, to provide a better understanding of the plasma-induced modifications ttsing air or nitrogen gas, diagnostics of the surface are also necessary. The wettability improvement, chemical surface modifications, and topography are analyzed by using contact angle measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The combination of these diagnostics highlights the capability of plasma treatrnent to tune the plasma/surface interactions de pending on gas plasma, which results in improved adhesion. E-mail address: nicolas.naude@laplace.univ-tlse.fr ( N . Naudé). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.102 2.6. Interface characterization by three-point bending test 2. 6.1. Relevance of the test Among the wide variety of mechanical tests, three-point bending test according to ISO 14679:1997 [19] presents some advantages in the context of this study. The good repeatability of the results, as a result of the tensile machine, coupled with the numerous types of exploitable information that can be obtained, ma.kes this test useful for a better

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Section: Information and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Fine-tuning of chemical and physical polymer surface modifications by atmospheric pressure post-discharge plasma and its correlation with adhesion improvement

Brès

Sanchot

Rives

et al. 2019

Surface and Coatings Technology

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“…Although less used, Weibull analysis showed that the 3PBT was the most reliable for interface cracking debonding. Furthermore, the 3PBT produces a located adhesive failure initiation [6][7][8], and for these reasons, this study selected the 3PBT test for analyzing the interface debonding.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These results cannot by vastly explored, since the critical load depends on substrate thickness. For a first general approach, Sauvage et al (2017) [8] proposed an energy-based approach, in which the dissipated energy was computed using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory for different substrate thicknesses. Even if a located initiation zone was present, Sauvage's methodology did not consider the debonding surface.…”

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confidence: 99%

A methodology based on the coupled criterion for the assessment of adhesive-to-adherend interface crack initiation

Birro

Paroissien

Aufray

et al. 2020

International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives

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In the framework of lightweight structures, the bonded joints appear as a suitable solution for increasing the mass-to-strength ratio. However, the full understanding of the interface debonding is a key obstacle to be overcome in critical systems. For characterizing adhesive-to-adherend interface crack initiation, the three-point bending test has been shown as a useful test that provides an identifiable small round zone. The samples were manufactured using an aluminum alloy 2024-T3 etched with nitric acid. The adhesive consisted in an epoxy pre-polymer DGEBA, DETA amine and an organosilane GLYMO directly introduced in the mixture. A coupled stress and energy criterion was used for the assessment of the properties of the interfacial debonding, since a stress concentration appears near to the corner of the specimen. For a quick computation, the application of the coupled criterion (CC) used the macro-element technique. On the other hand, most finite-element-based software has already 2 implemented the cohesive zone modeling (CZM). In this sense, the fracture parameters computed via CC were used for the assessment of cohesive zone modeling of adhesive-toadherend interface crack initiation. The results of fracture initiation using the CZM showed a good agreement in a macroscale response with the experimental campaign, thus providing a useful tool for a rapid estimation of cracking initiation.

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“…The two main parameters of the adherence force have been shown to be the substrate thickness and the shape of the adhesive cube [34].…”

Section: Three-point Bending Test (Afnor Iso 14679:1997)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and statistical study of three adherence tests for an epoxy-amine/aluminum alloy system: Pull-Off, Single Lap Joint and Three-Point Bending tests

Genty

Sauvage

Tingaut³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives

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The mechanical resistance of a bonded joint depends on the adhesive interaction onto the substrate and the mechanical properties of the adhesive itself. Many existing tests can be useful for measuring the adherence or evaluating mechanical adhesive response. All these tests do not provide the same information: in particular, adherence measurements can be split into initiation tests and propagation ones. In this paper, three adherence tests have been considered for the evaluation of the fracture initiation between a poly-epoxide adhesive (a mixture of pure epoxy and amine) and an aluminum surface (AA 2024-T3), namely the Pull-Off, Single Lap Joint (SLJ) and Three-Point Bending tests. Various surface preparation protocols before bonding have been tested and optimized for aluminum substrates, including mechanical and chemical surface treatments, followed by the application of an appropriate primer before bonding. This study paves the way for the future development of adhesive systems as it provides reliable surface preparation protocols for aluminum surfaces and gives an insight into the choice of an adequate adherence test dedicated to high-performance adhesives. The load at break (F Max ), the experimental error, the failure mode and statistical studies according to the Weibull model and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were studied on each surface preparation configuration. It has been shown that the application of a primer, especially a sol-gel product increases the load at break and provides more reliable results. Then, this paper shows that the two tests can quantify the failure initiation and distinguish the different surface preparation efficiency, are the Single Lap Joint test (mode II or mode I + II) and the Three-Point Bending test (mode I), with an increase of the results reliability with the latter one. The Pull-Off test (mode I) is useful as a routine checking, and particularly interesting because its response does not depend on the substrate thickness, even though it cannot highlight the difference between all surface preparations.

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Using the 3-point bending method to study failure initiation in epoxide-aluminum joints

Cited by 18 publications

References 25 publications

Fine-tuning of chemical and physical polymer surface modifications by atmospheric pressure post-discharge plasma and its correlation with adhesion improvement

Fine-tuning of chemical and physical polymer surface modifications by atmospheric pressure post-discharge plasma and its correlation with adhesion improvement

A methodology based on the coupled criterion for the assessment of adhesive-to-adherend interface crack initiation

Experimental and statistical study of three adherence tests for an epoxy-amine/aluminum alloy system: Pull-Off, Single Lap Joint and Three-Point Bending tests

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