Using TGA/FTIR TGA/MS and cone calorimetry to understand thermal degradation and flame retardancy mechanism of polycarbonate filled with solid bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) and montmorillonite

Feng, Jie; Hao, Jianwei; Du, Jianshi; Yang, Rongjie

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.01.011

Cited by 123 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Some authors found that the well dispersed metal oxide nanoparticles in PC improved its surface, viscoelastic, and mechanical properties, and increased its thermal stability. They related these observations to the strong interactions at the polymer-filler interface [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…PC nanocomposites have shown potential applications in UV protecting sheets and films [1][2][3][4]. There are a number of recent papers reporting on the mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of PC nanocomposites containing different metal oxide nanoparticles [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The results indicate that metal oxides have an effect on the morphology, as well as mechanical and thermal behavior of PC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the modification, induced by zirconia nanoparticles, on the structure and properties of polycarbonate

Motaung

Saladino

Luyt

et al. 2013

European Polymer Journal

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a b s t r a c tMelt compounding was used to prepare polycarbonate (PC)-zirconia nanocomposites with different amounts of zirconia. The effect of the zirconia loading, in the range of 1-5 wt.%, on the structure, mechanical properties and thermal degradation kinetics was investigated. The zirconia nanoparticle aggregates were well dispersed in the PC matrix and induced the appearance of a local lamellar order in the polycarbonate as inferred by SAXS findings. This order could be a consequence of the intermolecular interactions between zirconia and the polymer, in particular with the quaternary carbon bonded to the methyl groups and the methyl carbon as inferred from the NMR results. The presence of zirconia caused a decrease in the storage and loss moduli below the glass transition temperature. However, the highest amount of zirconia increased the modulus. The presence of zirconia in PC slightly increased the thermal stability, except for the highest zirconia content which showed a decrease. The activation energies of thermal degradation for the nanocomposites were significantly lower than that for pure PC at all degrees of conversion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the modification, induced by zirconia nanoparticles, on the structure and properties of polycarbonate

Motaung

Saladino

Luyt

et al. 2013

European Polymer Journal

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“…Combination of TGA with FTIR spectrometry has been used to qualitatively track the thermal decomposition of polymers [8,[54][55][56][57][58]. The degradation pathway of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) alone as well as flame retarded, containing phosphorus-based additive and other flame retardant additives has been investigated [58][59][60].…”

Section: Coupled Thermal Techniques (Tga-ms/ftir)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is very difficult to monitor and identify the decomposition pathways of flame-retardants in gas phase. Some methods have recently been developed in order to analyze and quantify the decomposition products of a flame retardant in a polymeric matrix [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. With emerging analytical techniques, it has become possible to get a better understanding of the mode of action of flame-retardants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Mode of Action and Analytical Methods for Evaluation of Gas Phase Activities of Flame Retardants

et al. 2015

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Abstract:The latest techniques used to prove, describe and analyze the gas phase activity of a fire retardant used in polymeric materials are briefly reviewed. Classical techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis or microscale combustion calorimetry, as well as complex and advanced analytical techniques, such as modified microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), molecular beam mass spectroscopy and vacuum ultra violet (VUV) photoionization spectroscopy coupled with time of flight MS (TOF-MS), are described in this review. The recent advances in analytical techniques help not only in determining the gas phase activity of the flame-retardants but also identify possible reactive species responsible for gas phase flame inhibition. The complete understanding of the decomposition pathways and the flame retardant activity of a flame retardant system is essential for the development of new eco-friendly-tailored flame retardant molecules with high flame retardant efficiency.

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“…These rearrangements generally give rise to quinoid moieties that are intensively colored [17]. Polycarbonate is an amorphous engineering thermoplastic that possess high mechanical properties [18,19], stiffness and modulus, combined with outstanding impact resistance and transparency [20,21].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of telechelic ionic groups on the dispersion of organically modified clays in bisphenol A polycarbonate nanocomposites by in-situ polymerization using activated carbonates

Colonna¹,

Acquasanta²,

Gioia³

et al. 2017

Express Polym. Lett.

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Polymer layered nanocomposites (polymeric matrixes filled with particles that have one of their dimension in the nanometer range) [1,2] often have superior physical and mechanical properties over their microcomposites counterparts, including improved modulus [3], reduced gas permeability [4], increased flame retardantcy [5,6] and lower thermal expansion [7]. A considerable amount of the work in this area has been focused on polymeric nanocomposites containing layered silicates such as montmorillonite clay (MMT) [8][9][10]. A large number of papers have reported the preparation of well-exfoliated polymer/clay nanocomposites [9][10][11][12][13][14]. However, several problems have been encountered in the preparation of bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) nanocomposites. For example, Paul [15] reports that only a small fraction of the clay platelets are exfoliated while the main part of the PC/clay composites has an intercalated morphology. The reason of this low degree of dispersion has been ascribed to the poor compatibility between the clay surface and the polymer. Moreover, the PC/clay composites prepared by melt blending of PC with montmorillonite modified with ammonium clays [15] are always dark colored and the molecular weight of the PC matrix consistently (30-40%) drops after extrusion. This issue has been ascribed to the use of ammonium salts for the modification of the clay (which are used in order to increase its compatibility of the clay with the polymer matrix).Indeed, ammonium modified clays are not stable in the standard polycondensation and processing conditions of PC that can exceed 300°C. Abstract. Nanocomposites of bisphenol A polycarbonate with organically modified clays have been prepared for the first time by in-situ polymerization using bis(methyl salicyl) carbonate as activated carbonate. The use of the activated carbonate permits to conduct the polymerization reaction at lower temperature and with shorter polymerization time with respect to those necessary for traditional melt methods that uses diphenyl carbonate, affording a nanocomposite with improved color. Moreover, an imidazolium salt with two long alkyl chains has been used to modify the montmorillonite, providing an organically modified clay with high thermal stability and wide d-spacing. The addition of ionic groups at the end of the polymer chain increases the interaction between the clay surface and the polymer producing a better dispersion of the clay. The presence of the clay increases the thermal stability of the polymer.

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Using TGA/FTIR TGA/MS and cone calorimetry to understand thermal degradation and flame retardancy mechanism of polycarbonate filled with solid bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) and montmorillonite

Cited by 123 publications

References 50 publications

Influence of the modification, induced by zirconia nanoparticles, on the structure and properties of polycarbonate

Influence of the modification, induced by zirconia nanoparticles, on the structure and properties of polycarbonate

An Overview of Mode of Action and Analytical Methods for Evaluation of Gas Phase Activities of Flame Retardants

Effect of telechelic ionic groups on the dispersion of organically modified clays in bisphenol A polycarbonate nanocomposites by in-situ polymerization using activated carbonates

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