Using tertiary sulci to map the “cognitive globe” of prefrontal cortex

Miller, Jacob A.; D’Esposito, Mark; Weiner, Kevin S.

doi:10.31234/osf.io/y8f4b

Cited by 14 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…As such, we are not fully tied to these definitions and only emphasize that this is the first study to use surface data augmentation and context-aware training for spherical CNNs to define (i) subcomponents of the fms (mfms, ifms), (ii) subcomponents of the imfs (imfs_h, imfs_v), and (iii) subcomponents of the pmfs (pmfs_p, pmfs_i, and pmfs_a; Table 1 ). Despite contentions regarding sulcal definitions, we emphasize that the latter pmfs subcomponents are most assuredly tertiary sulci as they emerge last in gestation among sulci in LPFC ( Chi et al, 1977 ; Cunningham, 1892 ; Miller et al, 2020a ; Retzius, 1896 ; Turner, 1948 ) as well as are small and shallow compared to other sulci in LPFC ( Miller et al, 2020b ; 2020c ; Petrides, 2018 ; Voorhies et al, 2020b) as also shown in Fig. 1 .…”

Section: Experimentaldesignmentioning

confidence: 59%

Labeling lateral prefrontal sulci using spherical data augmentation and context-aware training

et al. 2021

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The inference of cortical sulcal labels often focuses on deep (primary and secondary) sulcal regions, whereas shallow (tertiary) sulcal regions are largely overlooked in the literature due to the scarcity of manual/well-defined annotations and their large neuroanatomical variability. In this paper, we present an automated framework for regional labeling of both primary/secondary and tertiary sulci of the dorsal portion of lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) using spherical convolutional neural networks. We propose two core components that enhance the inference of sulcal labels to overcome such large neuroanatomical variability: (1) surface data augmentation and (2) context-aware training. (1) To take into account neuroanatomical variability, we synthesize training data from the proposed feature space that embeds intermediate deformation trajectories of spherical data in a rigid to non-rigid fashion, which bridges an augmentation gap in conventional rotation data augmentation. (2) Moreover, we design a two-stage training process to improve labeling accuracy of tertiary sulci by informing the biological associations in neuroanatomy: inference of primary/secondary sulci and then their spatial likelihood to guide the definition of tertiary sulci. In the experiments, we evaluate our method on 13 deep and shallow sulci of human LPFC in two independent data sets with different age ranges: pediatric ( N = 60) and adult ( N = 36) cohorts. We compare the proposed method with a conventional multi-atlas approach and spherical convolutional neural networks without/with rotation data augmentation. In both cohorts, the proposed data augmentation improves labeling accuracy of deep and shallow sulci over the baselines, and the proposed context-aware training offers further improvement in the labeling of shallow sulci over the proposed data augmentation. We share our tools with the field and discuss applications of our results for understanding neuroanatomical-functional organization of LPFC and the rest of cortex ( https://github.com/ilwoolyu/SphericalLabeling ).

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Section: Experimentaldesignmentioning

confidence: 59%

Labeling lateral prefrontal sulci using spherical data augmentation and context-aware training

et al. 2021

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“…While recent studies suggest a link between the morphology of tertiary sulci in association cortices and cognitive functions, 11,20,21,25,46,51 , no study to date (to our knowledge) has tested the role of tertiary LPFC sulci in cognitive development. This gap likely persists for three key reasons.…”

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confidence: 94%

“…Due to these difficulties, very little is known regarding the role of tertiary sulci in human cognition, despite the fact that many tertiary sulci are evolutionarily new structures. We refer to tertiary sulci as evolutionarily new because they are identifiable in humans and non-human hominoids (great apes), but not in other non-human primates 9,11,[16][17][18]20,21,23,28,30 (see Supplementary Information for further details regarding dimples and lack of tertiary sulci in non-human primates).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Second, the shallowness of tertiary sulci makes them hard to reliably identify in post-mortem tissue-typically considered the gold standard for neuroanatomical analyses-because they are easily confused with shallow indentations produced by veins and arteries on the outer surface of the cerebrum 11,29 . Researchers interested in the function and structure of tertiary sulci have overcome this latter issue by (1) using T1 magnetic resonance images (MRI) and cortical surface reconstructions-either in vivo or post-mortem-to visualize tertiary sulci, and (2) manually tracing/defining tertiary sulci on either T1 MRI images or cortical surface reconstructions ("Methods") 11,12,20,21,25,26,29,46,[52][53][54][55][56] . Third, as detailed below, the patterning of LPFC tertiary sulci has classically remained contentious until recent studies 26,56,57 .…”

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Cognitive insights from tertiary sulci in prefrontal cortex

et al. 2021

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The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is disproportionately expanded in humans compared to non-human primates, although the relationship between LPFC brain structures and uniquely human cognitive skills is largely unknown. Here, we test the relationship between variability in LPFC tertiary sulcal morphology and reasoning scores in a cohort of children and adolescents. Using a data-driven approach in independent discovery and replication samples, we show that the depth of specific LPFC tertiary sulci is associated with individual differences in reasoning scores beyond age. To expedite discoveries in future neuroanatomical-behavioral studies, we share tertiary sulcal definitions with the field. These findings support a classic but largely untested theory linking the protracted development of tertiary sulci to late-developing cognitive processes.

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“…1 Network variant locations are present even after surface-based normalization procedures (Fischl, 2012;Klein et al, 2010;Van Essen, 2005) that align data across people by large-scale sulcal features; with individual differences in fcMRI not well related to variations in anatomical metrics -although it is possible that they relate to finer-scale anatomical features, e.g., see (Miller et al, 2021)). This, together with correspondence to task responses, suggests that variants may relate more closely to differences in the functional positions of brain areas or systems, which can vary relative to anatomical landmarks (Frost & Goebel, 2012;Van Essen, Glasser, et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two common and distinct forms of variation in human functional brain networks

Dworetsky¹,

Seitzman²,

Adeyemo³

et al. 2021

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The cortex has a characteristic layout with specialized functional areas forming distributed large-scale networks. However, substantial work shows striking variation in this organization across people, which relates to differences in behavior. While a dominant assumption is that cortical 'variants' represent boundary shifts in the borders between regions, here we show that variants can also occur at a distance from their typical position, forming ectopic intrusions. Both forms of variants are common across individuals, but the forms differ in their location, network linkages, and activations during tasks. Sub-groups of individuals share similar variant properties, but sub-grouping on the two variant forms appears independent. This work argues that individual differences in brain organization commonly occur in two dissociable forms, border shifts and ectopic intrusions, that must be separately accounted for in the analysis of cortical systems across people. This work expands our knowledge of cortical variation in humans and helps reconceptualize the discussion of how cortical systems variability arises and links to individual differences in behavior.

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Using tertiary sulci to map the “cognitive globe” of prefrontal cortex

Cited by 14 publications

References 78 publications

Labeling lateral prefrontal sulci using spherical data augmentation and context-aware training

Labeling lateral prefrontal sulci using spherical data augmentation and context-aware training

Cognitive insights from tertiary sulci in prefrontal cortex

Two common and distinct forms of variation in human functional brain networks

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