Using Statistical and Probabilistic Methods to Evaluate Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study

Wu, Hongjing; Chen, Bing

doi:10.3390/toxics2020291

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Similar studies were conducted in Bangladesh [41] and China [19], where industrial and residential areas have been polluting the surface water sources. In Bangladesh, the assessment of the heavy metal (i.e., Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn) concentration in Bangshi River water indicates that concentrations in water were above the safe limits.…”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Pearson correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the concentrations of heavy metals. At places where the concentrations of the metals were below the MDL of the AAS, then half of the MDL values were included for the quality assurance of the analysis [19]. The statistical analyses of metal concentrations were performed using SPSS 22, while health risk calculations were conducted using Microsoft Excel.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health risk assessment of the exposure of heavy metal contamination in surface water of lower Sindh, Pakistan

et al. 2019

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In developing countries like Pakistan, there is a lack of implementation of the environmental laws to manage discharges of untreated effluents, loaded with heavy metals, into freshwater. To evaluate the potential human health impacts from exposure to such polluted water, this study assessed the concentration of six heavy metals (i.e., Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Mn) in the surface water in lower Sindh, Pakistan. Water samples were collected from eight locations around Kotri barrage at Indus River both during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons to determine the temporal variations of the concentration of heavy metals. The concentrations of heavy metals were then compared with the drinking water quality guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO). It was observed that in most cases, the concentrations of metals were significantly higher compared to WHO guidelines during the pre-monsoon period. To determine the potential human health risk associated with the exposure of heavy metals, both oral hazard index (HI oral) and dermal hazard index (HI dermal) were estimated. The results indicated that during pre-monsoon, HI oral was higher than the threshold limits at every location, while HI dermal was higher only at three locations. Nonetheless, during monsoon, these indices were within limits. It suggested that the health of the people dependent on these freshwater streams in the study area is at considerable risk. Finally, the findings of this study recommended the enforcement of the laws in its true spirit to regulate effluent discharges into these streams in order to avoid health vulnerability of millions of people.

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Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health risk assessment of the exposure of heavy metal contamination in surface water of lower Sindh, Pakistan

et al. 2019

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“…9 [27]. 9At places where the concentrations of the measured metals and metalloid were lower than the MDL of ICPMS and UV Spectrophotometer, one-half the values of MDL were used for risk assessment calculations [30]. Since Cr(VI) was observed below analytical detection limits in all samples collected in the pre-monsoon season, as such carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks due to Cr(VI) in pre-monsoon season have not been considered.…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variability of Heavy Metals in Manchar Lake of Arid Southern Pakistan and Its Consequential Human Health Risk

Imran¹,

Mahar²,

Ullah³

et al. 2020

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Water pollution related to trace elements has emerged as a worldwide concern owing to their increasing concentration and damages to the aquatic ecosystems. The water ecosystem of Manchar Lake situated in the arid region of Pakistan has also been degraded and posing a severe health risk to the dependent communities. This study aims to investigate the seasonal variability in the influx of trace elements (As, Cd, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) into the lake during premonsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and its consequential health risks. The highest mean concentrations (µg/l) of As (43.2), Cr(III) (101.4), Zn (41), Cu (43.12), Fe (318), Cd (18.5), Mn (27.2), Ni (99.7), Pb (65.91) and Hg (6.8) have been observed in pre-monsoon and Cr(VI) (0.2) in monsoon seasons. The elements exceeding safe limits in pre-monsoon season are As, Cd, Cr(III), Hg, Ni, and Pb, while in monsoon season As, Cd, Ni, and Pb exceed the limit. Evaluation of the degree of contamination depicted high levels of pollution in pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons and the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index indicated a high level of pollution in pre-monsoon, medium in monsoon, and low in the postmonsoon season. The study revealed that oral consumption of lake water potentially causes carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. However, potential dermal related health risks associated with these metals concentrations in water are within the tolerable ranges. The findings of this study suggest prompt actions to control these pollutants influx into the lake.

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“…Zaitseva et al (2015a, b) have proposed new methods for the reliability analysis of healthcare system based on application of a multi-state system. Wu and Chen (2014) have discussed statistical and probabilities methods to evaluate health risk assessment. The motive of their study is to integrate statistical and probabilistic methods to deal with censored and limited numbers of input data to improve the reliability of the non-cancer HRA of dermal contact exposure to contaminated river water by considering uncertainty.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of a hybrid series–parallel system with two human operators using Gumbel–Hougaard family copula

Ismail

Sanusi

Yusuf

2021

IJQRM

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PurposeThis study deals with the reliability analysis of a hybrid series–parallel system consisting of two subsystems A and B with two human operators. Subsystem A has two units in active parallel while subsystem B consists of two-out-of-four units. Both units have exponential failure and repair time. The system under consideration has two states: partial failure state and complete failure state. The mathematical equations associated with the transition diagram have been formulated using regenerative point techniques. The system is analysed using Laplace transforms to solve the mathematical equations. Some important measures of reliability such as availability of system, reliability of the system, mean time to failure (MTTF), sensitivity for MTTF and cost analysis have been discussed. Some particular cases have also been derived and examined to see the practical effect of the model. The computed results are demonstrated by tables and graphs. Furthermore, the results of the designed model are beneficial for system engineers and designers, reliability and maintenance managers.Design/methodology/approachThis paper considered a hybrid series–parallel system consisting of two subsystems A and B with two human operators. The performance of the system is studied using the supplementary variable technique and Laplace transforms. The various measures of reliability such as availability, reliability, mean time to system failure (MTSF), sensitivity for MTTF and cost analysis have been computed for various values of failure and repair rates. Maple 13 software has been used for computations.FindingsIn this research paper, the authors have computed various measures of reliability such as availability, reliability, MTSF, sensitivity for MTTF and cost analysis for various values of failure and repair rates and find that failure due to human operators are more responsible for successful operation of the system and also regular repair should be invoked to improve system performance.Originality/valueThis research paper is the original work of authors. The references are well cited based on the importance of study. Nothing has been detached from any research paper or books.

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Using Statistical and Probabilistic Methods to Evaluate Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Health risk assessment of the exposure of heavy metal contamination in surface water of lower Sindh, Pakistan

Health risk assessment of the exposure of heavy metal contamination in surface water of lower Sindh, Pakistan

Seasonal Variability of Heavy Metals in Manchar Lake of Arid Southern Pakistan and Its Consequential Human Health Risk

Performance evaluation of a hybrid series–parallel system with two human operators using Gumbel–Hougaard family copula

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