“…"Easy blocks" could be incorporated into the normal spiral or they could be paired with regular blocks and given selectively to students who were previously identified as likely to benefit. (See, for example, McLaughlin et al 2005, in which a proposal for using state assessment scores to preassign booklets is discussed.) The inclusion of an "easy booklet," consisting of two "easy blocks," also holds promise as a means of increasing the participation of SD and ELLs, and thereby improving the validity of NAEP as a measure of performance for those subgroups.…”