“…Instead of solely memorizing and recalling of scientific definitions and facts, students identify the controversial SSIs, critically analyze the issues, search and gather information, incorporate their scientific knowledge, communicate and exchange ideas with their peers, make judgments, and generate possible solutions to address the problems (Dolan, Nichols, & Zeidler, 2009;Lee, Abd-El-Khalick, & Choi, 2006). In addition, SSIs also help to increase students' engagement in classroom, improve their attitude towards learning science, and maintain their interest in science for their future studies and career (Ekborg & Ottander, 2010;Lindahl et al, 2010).…”