Using Rotifers to Diagnosis the Ecological Impacts of Toxicants

Snell, Terry W.; Marcial, Helen S.

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5635-2_9

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Interest in rotifers as tools for assessing toxicity in aquatic environments continues to increase. Several review papers have appeared in the last few years highlighting the activity in this research area . These summarize the broad range of approaches from molecular and physiological to behavioral and population endpoints being used to characterize toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freshwater toxicity testing using rehydratedPhilodinasp. (Rotifera) as test animals

Snell

Johnston

Matthews

2017

Environmental Toxicology

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Rotifers have become widely used in aquatic toxicology as a rapid screening test for toxicity. The commercial availability of diapausing embryos (cysts) have facilitated their popularity because test animals can be obtained without having to master the details of culturing. Other rotifer species have life stages capable of surviving desiccation and also could be used in non-culture systems for toxicity assessment. In this article, we describe a system for toxicity testing in freshwater based on rehydrating desiccated bdelloid rotifers in the genus Philodina. These animals can remain in this anhydrobiotic state for more than one year and then rehydrate within hours to provide animals for toxicity tests. We describe three endpoints: a 1.5 h ingestion test, a 24 h mortality test, and a five day reproductive test. The latter test requires feeding and a method using a dried commercial product is explained. Using desiccated rotifers and dried food in toxicity tests make this system especially attractive because of its flexibility and low threshold of biological expertise required to execute the tests. The use of the Philodina toxicity test is illustrated with four metals: copper, lead, mercury and cadmium. Reproduction generally was the most sensitive endpoint, with EC50s of 0.33, 0.44, 0.60, and 0.12 mg/L, respectively. Ingestion was a close second with EC50s of 0.13, 1.64, 0.64, and 6.26 mg/L, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freshwater toxicity testing using rehydratedPhilodinasp. (Rotifera) as test animals

Snell

Johnston

Matthews

2017

Environmental Toxicology

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“…Moreover, sediments are often where the highest toxicant concentrations are found . Development of non‐brachionid rotifers for toxicity testing has been motivated by the desire to have test animals that are ecologically relevant for sediment toxicity assessment . Rotifer species that spend most of their life cycle in the benthos and have been used to assess sediment toxicity include Euchlanis dilatata, Lecane quadridentata, Lecane inermis, and Philodina rapida .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rotifers are popular model animals for toxicity assessment as evidenced by recent reviews . Assessing toxicity in marine environments has fewer options than freshwater, so a need exists to expand marine ecotoxicology animal models .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Proales similis (Rotifera) for toxicity assessment in marine waters

Snell

Johnston

Matthews

et al. 2019

Environmental Toxicology

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There is a need to develop more animal species for assessing toxicity in marine environments. Cyst‐based toxicity tests using invertebrates are especially fast, technically simple, cost‐effective, and sensitive to a variety of toxicants. Over the past 30 years, a variety of toxicity endpoints have been measured using the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis hatched from cysts, including mortality, reproduction, ingestion, swimming, enzyme activity, and gene expression. A consensus has developed that the most ecologically relevant toxicity measurements should be made using more than one species. Furthermore, it has been noted that the rotifer species toxicant sensitivity distribution is much broader than which endpoint is measured. This implies that toxicity should be measured with the simplest, fastest, least expensive test available on as many species as feasible. If a battery of test species is to be used to estimate toxicity, diapause egg‐based toxicity tests that do not require culturing of test animals will be key. In this paper, we describe how diapause eggs of a new marine rotifer, Proales similis, can be produced, stored and hatched under controlled conditions to produce animals for toxicity tests. Methods are described for quantifying the toxicity of copper, mercury and cadmium based on mortality, ingestion, reproduction, and diapause egg hatching endpoints. We found that reproduction and ingestion endpoints were generally more sensitive to the metals than mortality or diapause egg hatching. When the copper sensitivity of P. similis was compared to Brachionus manjavacas and B. plicatilis using an ingestion test, similar EC50s were observed. In contrast, the B. rotundiformis ingestion EC50 for copper was about 4× more sensitive. Although diapause egg hatching was not the most sensitive endpoint, it is the most ecologically relevant for assessing sediment toxicity. Our discovery of diapausing eggs in the P. similis life cycle has created a conundrum. We have not observed males or sex in P. similis populations, which is a direct contradiction to the orthodox view of the monogonont rotifer life cycle. Work is needed to clarify how diapause egg production is accomplished by P. similis and whether sexual reproduction is involved.

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“…Rotifers are fundamental in the ecological structure of aquatic ecosystems. These organisms respond quickly to environmental stresses caused by heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, among others; hence their relevance in ecotoxicological studies (Snell and Marcial, 2017). The most used endpoints to estimate ecological risk for rotifer populations are acute (LC 50 ) and chronic (instantaneous growth rate (r)) toxicity tests (Rico-Martínez et al, 2013;González-Pérez et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effect of chloroquine and copper to the euryhaline rotifer Proales similis

et al. 2022

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Chloroquine (CQ) has been widely used for many years against malaria and various viral diseases. Its important use and high potential to being persistent make it of particular concern for ecotoxicological studies. Here, we evaluated the toxicity of CQ alone and in combination with copper (Cu) to the euryhaline rotifer Proales similis. All experiments were carried out using chronic toxicity reproductive ve-day tests and an application factor (AF) of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 by multiplying the 24-h LC 50 values of CQ (4250 µg/L) and Cu (68 µg/L). The rate of population increase (r, d -1 ) ranged from 0.50 to 52 (controls); 0.19 to 0.39 (CQ); 0.09 to 0.42 (Cu); and -0.03 to 0.29 (CQ-Cu) and decreased signi cantly as the concentration of both chemicals in the medium increased. Almost all tested mixtures induced synergistic effects, mainly as the AF increased. We found that the presence of Cu intensi es the vulnerability of organisms to CQ and vice versa. These results stress the potential hazard that these combined chemicals may have on the aquatic systems. This research suggests that P. similis is sensitive to CQ as other standardized zooplankton species and may serve as a potential test species in the risk assessment of emerging pollutants in marine environments.

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Using Rotifers to Diagnosis the Ecological Impacts of Toxicants

Cited by 7 publications

References 61 publications

Freshwater toxicity testing using rehydratedPhilodinasp. (Rotifera) as test animals

Freshwater toxicity testing using rehydratedPhilodinasp. (Rotifera) as test animals

Using Proales similis (Rotifera) for toxicity assessment in marine waters

Synergistic effect of chloroquine and copper to the euryhaline rotifer Proales similis

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