Using Rodent Models to Simulate Stress of Physiologically Relevant Severity: When, Why and How

Smith, C. A. M.

doi:10.5772/52045

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(4 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…At day 1, 4, 8, and 14, blood samples were collected from the distal extreme of the tail at the same time (3:00 p.m.) in order to avoid the “screen” effect of the circadian rhythm on the response to stress (Smith, 2012). The number of animals used to measure the corticosteroid levels were the following: day 1: CONTROL n = 4 and immobilized group (IMMO) n = 5; day 4: CONTROL n = 5 and IMMO n = 5; day 8: CONTROL n = 5 and IMMO n = 4; day 14: CONTROL n = 4 and IMMO n = 4.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rat Immobilization Model Based on Cage Volume Reduction: A Physiological Model for Bed Rest?

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bed rest has been an established treatment in the past prescribed for critically illness or convalescing patients, in order to preserve their body metabolic resource, to prevent serious complications and to support their rapid path to recovery. However, it has been reported that prolonged bed rest can have detrimental consequences that may delay or prevent the recovery from clinical illness. In order to study disuse-induced changes in muscle and bone, as observed during prolonged bed rest in humans, an innovative new model of muscle disuse for rodents is presented. Basically, the animals are confined to a reduced space designed to restrict their locomotion movements and allow them to drink and eat easily, without generating physical stress. The animals were immobilized for either 7, 14, or 28 days. The immobilization procedure induced a significant decrease of food intake, both at 14 and 28 days of immobilization. The reduced food intake was not a consequence of a stress condition induced by the model since plasma corticosterone levels –an indicator of a stress response– were not altered following the immobilization period. The animals showed a significant decrease in soleus muscle mass, grip force and cross-sectional area (a measure of fiber size), together with a decrease in bone mineral density. The present model may potentially serve to investigate the effects of bed-rest in pathological states characterized by a catabolic condition, such as diabetes or cancer.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rat Immobilization Model Based on Cage Volume Reduction: A Physiological Model for Bed Rest?

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This manipulation models early trauma and is characterized by changes in behavior, such as anxiety-like behavior and hyperactivity in the open field test. In addition, maternal separation is associated with longlasting changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity, including increased basal-and stress-induced corticosterone secretion and decreased expression of glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus (Smith, 2012).…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early adversity, immunity and infectious disease

Avitsur

Levy

Goren

et al. 2015

Stress

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Complex interactions between biological, behavioral and environmental factors are involved in mediating individual differences in health and disease. In this review, we present evidence suggesting that increased vulnerability to infectious disease may be at least, in part, due to long-lasting effects of early life psychosocial adversities. Studies have shown that maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy is associated with long lasting changes in immune function and disease resistance in the offspring. Studies further indicated that harsh environmental conditions during the neonatal period may also cause lasting changes in host response to infectious disease. Although the mechanisms involved in these effects have not been fully examined, several potential mediators have been described, including changes in the development of the offspring hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, alterations in epigenetic pathways, stress-related maternal health risk behavior and infection during pregnancy. Although there are ample literature indicating that perinatal psychosocial stress increases vulnerability to disease, other reports suggest that mild predictable stressors may benefit the organism and allow better coping with future stressors. Thus, understanding the possible consequences of perinatal adversities and the mechanisms that are involved in immune regulation is important for increasing awareness to the potential outcomes of early negative life events and providing insight into potential therapies to combat infection in vulnerable individuals.

show abstract

“…Restraint stress was induced using the method of [13]. Small restraint cages made from perspex were used.…”

Section: Induction Of Restraint Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Peroxidation and Some Antioxidant Enzymes Evaluation in Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) Treated Male and Female Wistar Rats Exposed to Chronic Restraint Stress

Abdulrauf¹,

Dawud²,

Emmanuel³

et al. 2018

AER

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study was designed to assess the effect to apple cider vinegar (ACV) on oxidative stress biomarkers in male and female Wistar rats exposed to chronic restraint stress. Severe and persistent stress elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by metabolic and physiological processes; causing cellular damage. Thirty (30) Adult Wistar rats of both sexes weighing about 150 -200 g were divided into 3 groups each consisting of a male and female subgroup and given the following treatments once a day for 21 days: Normal control group received 0.5 ml distilled water orally, the restraint stress (RS) group was exposed to chronic restraint stress 6 hours daily while the Apple cider vinegar (ACV)-treated group received 4 ml/kg of apple cider vinegar orally in addition to chronic restraint stress 6 hours daily. The rats were sacrificed after the experimental period and blood was collected via cardiac puncture for assessing oxidative stress biomarkers. ACV (4 ml/kg) treatment decreased lipid peroxidation (MDA) and serum catalase (CAT) activity while upregulating endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The findings of this study show that the female Wistar rats are more predisposed to the antioxidant effect of ACV than the males.

show abstract

Using Rodent Models to Simulate Stress of Physiologically Relevant Severity: When, Why and How

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

A Rat Immobilization Model Based on Cage Volume Reduction: A Physiological Model for Bed Rest?

A Rat Immobilization Model Based on Cage Volume Reduction: A Physiological Model for Bed Rest?

Early adversity, immunity and infectious disease

Lipid Peroxidation and Some Antioxidant Enzymes Evaluation in Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) Treated Male and Female Wistar Rats Exposed to Chronic Restraint Stress

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About