Using RIPE Atlas for Geolocating IP Infrastructure

Abstract

The vast majority of studies on IP geolocation focuses on localizing the end-users, and little attention has been devoted to localizing the elements of the Internet infrastructure, i.e., the routers and servers that make the Internet work. In this paper, we study the maximum theoretical accuracy that can be achieved by a geolocation approach aimed at geolocating the Internet infrastructure. In particular, we study the effects on localization accuracy produced by the position of landmarks and by the strategy followed for their enrollment. We compare two main approaches: the first is more centralized and controlled, and uses well-connected machines belonging to the infrastructure as landmarks; the second is more distributed and scalable and is based on landmarks positioned at the edge of the network. The study is based on an extensive set of measurements collected using the RIPE Atlas platform. The results show that the uniform and widespread diffusion of landmarks can be as important as their measurement accuracy. The study is carried out at both the worldwide and regional scale, including regions that were scarcely observed in the past. The results highlight that the geographical characteristics of the Internet paths are dependent on the considered region, thus suggesting the use of specifically calibrated models. Finally, the study shows that geolocating IP infrastructure with active measurements is feasible in terms of precision and scalability of the overall system.INDEX TERMS Internet, IP geolocation, network topology, wide area networks.

General Internet service assessment by latency including partial measurements

“…In the implementation, the latency observation points that mimic the service users belong to the RIPE Atlas ( Bajpai, Eravuchira & Schwnwalder, 2015 ). The Atlas is a word-wide network of observation points ( Candela et al, 2019 ). As an example, Fig.…”

A Method for Cheating Indication in Unproctored On-Line Exams

“…Figure 5 shows a sample of location confidence areas as circles that we observed for IP addresses of the RIPE Atlas [26]. The observed confidence areas were circles with radii of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 km, which were obtained from the MaxMind GeoLite2 City database [27].…”

Retrospective IP Address Geolocation for Geography-Aware Internet Services

“…The historical data used in this work consist of IP addresses used in the past, their past locations, and the previous versions of a geolocation database. The addresses used in the past and their locations were processed from the RIPE Atlas archive [ 18 ]. This archive stores information about fixed devices, which are measurement probes.…”