“…Climate and soil water availability were chosen as indicators of resilience and resistance because they are primary determinants of vegetation dynamics in sagebrush ecosystems (Chenoweth et al, 2022; Gremer et al, 2015; Lauenroth et al, 2014; Schlaepfer et al, 2012) and strongly influence species invasions and fire risk (Chambers, Brooks, et al, 2019). Prior indicators of resilience and resistance based on soil climate regimes (soil temperature and moisture) have been widely used to develop prioritization strategies for fire prevention and management, invasive species management, habitat conservation, and restoration (Chambers, Pyke, et al, 2014; Chambers et al, 2016; Chambers, Beck, et al, 2017; Chambers, Maestas, et al, 2017; Chambers, Allen, et al, 2019; Chambers, Brooks, et al, 2019; Crist et al, 2019; Ricca et al, 2018; Rodhouse et al, 2021), and are indicative of treatment outcomes (Riginos et al, 2023). These prior indicators are useful in illustrating current resilience and resistance, but are static in nature, change across state boundaries due to differences in soil mapping protocols, and have algorithms that prevent accurate projections of climate change effects (Bradford et al, 2019).…”