“…Lean management (LM) is a well-known concept that is widely accepted in manufacturing industries due to its effectiveness in cutting waste and improving operation performance [2][3][4][5]. The tools of Industry 4.0 that advance LM to the next level include simulation and optimization [6,7], process mining [8][9][10], data mining [11][12][13][14], data analytics [15,16], big data analysis [17,18], digital twins [19][20][21][22], machine learning [23,24], virtual reality [25][26][27][28] and cyber-physical systems (CPSs) [17,[29][30][31]]. An integrative model for LM and Industry 4.0 was studied in [32], which resulted in a flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing system.…”