Using NMR in saliva to identify possible biomarkers of glioblastoma and chronic periodontitis

Abstract

Nowadays there is increasing interest in identifying–and using–metabolites that can be employed as biomarkers for diagnosing, treating and monitoring diseases. Saliva and NMR have been widely used for this purpose as they are fast and inexpensive methods. This case-control study aimed to find biomarkers that could be related to glioblastoma (GBL) and periodontal disease (PD) and studied a possible association between GBL and periodontal status. The participants numbered 130, of whom 10 were diagnosed with GBL and were assigned to the cases group, while the remaining 120 did not present any pathology and were assigned to the control group. On one hand, significantly increased (p < 0.05) metabolites were found in GBL group: leucine, valine, isoleucine, propionate, alanine, acetate, ethanolamine and sucrose. Moreover, a good tendency to separation between the two groups was observed on the scatterplot of the NMR. On the other hand, the distribution of the groups attending to the periodontal status was very similar and we didn´t find any association between GBL and periodontal status (Chi-Square 0.1968, p = 0.91). Subsequently, the sample as a whole (130 individuals) was divided into three groups by periodontal status in order to identify biomarkers for PD. Group 1 was composed of periodontally healthy individuals, group 2 had gingivitis or early periodontitis and group 3 had moderate to advanced periodontitis. On comparing periodontal status, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in certain metabolites was observed. These findings along with previous reports suggest that these could be used as biomarkers of a PD: caproate, isocaproate+butyrate, isovalerate, isopropanol+methanol, 4 aminobutyrate, choline, sucrose, sucrose-glucose-lysine, lactate-proline, lactate and proline. The scatter plot showed a good tendency to wards separation between group 1 and 3.

Host‐microbe interactions: Profiles in the transcriptome, the proteome, and the metabolome

“…97 The potential association of glioblastoma to periodontal disease was studied using metabolomic analyses. 99 Additionally, this study sought to identify differential metabolite profiles among to deep pocket sites. Unidentified metabolites were also noted to increase in a gradual manner consistent with periodontal disease severity, but these metabolites were not explicitly designated.…”

Simultaneous Determination of 7 Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Human Saliva by High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

“…When the periodontal disease are deteriorated, SCFA concentrations in the oral cavity are expected to increase [8]. Therefore, we further evaluated the validation of dilution in saliva.…”

Current Status of Magnetic Resonance on Saliva for Oral and Dental Health Early Diagnosis

“…These include the small amount of sample needed compared with other volume average techniques, as well as the swiftness of the experimental data acquisition that can be performed in as fast as a few minutes [21]. The amount of saliva supernatant used for NMR analysis ranged from 0.17 to 0.60 mL (Table 1A) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. A saliva sample does not need any complex pre-treatment or preparation for the solution state NMR analysis to be performed [17].…”

“…At least one hour [4,8,9], two hours [3][4][5][6]10,11,15], or complete refrain upon awaking [12,21] from oral activities, including eating, drinking, and oral hygiene, was found in the literature (Table 1). Unstimulated whole saliva with passive expectoration in a sterile container is widely accepted in order to eliminate potential variants [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][11][12][13]15,25]. When passive expectoration is not feasible, the use of cotton absorbent materials is not recommended [24,25].…”

“…Magnetic resonance analysis of saliva has identified significant biomarkers correlated with oral, dental, and periodontal pathology, as well as salivary biomarkers linked to the presence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and sarcoidosis. Interestingly, salivary biomarkers have been also used in order to verify and monitor established health after therapy of the pathology [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”