Using Nanofiber Scaffolds for the Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes: The Latest Approaches in Tissue Engineering

Improving rodents and humans cardiac cell maturity in vitro through polycaprolactone and polyurethane nanofibers

“…To imitate in vivo conditions, more and more studies are being conducted on a 3D model using nanofibers, which structural and mechanical are, like heart ECM. Additionally, based on previous studies, nanofibers affect cell arrangement, morphology, proliferation, and maturation [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]43]. Nanofibers are widely used in cardiac in vitro models.…”

“…According to the literature, to determine the maturity of CMs, it is not enough to assess the change in morphology and arrangement, but it is also necessary to examine the expression of specific cardiac genes and proteins whose expression increases or decreases with the maturation of heart cells [53]. So far, cardiac maturation was not studied using different nanofibers and cells (stem or cardiac) [25,[31][32][33][34][35]. We compared the impact of biomaterial, diameter, and elasticity on the maturation of cardiac cells from different species and part of the heart.…”

“…In the production of nanofibers, biodegradable polymers such as polyurethane (PU) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) in composite or with surface modification are most commonly used. Most investigations focus on studying the influence of nanofibrous structure on cardiac cell attachment, viability, maturation, morphology, and orientation [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Tomecka et al compared the viability and alignment of rat cardiomyoblasts (H9c2), neonatal rat CMs (NRCMs), and human CMs, which were cultured on PU nanofibrous materials modified by various proteins (such as COL, poly-l-lysine, gelatin, laminin, and fibronectin).…”

“…In addition, an increase of expression of cardiac-specific proteins such as α-actinin and troponin I, was noticed [31]. Moreover, the potential use of nanofibrous materials for the differentiation and maturation of stem cells into mature CMs was reported [32,33]. Conductive biopolymeric Cs/polyvinyl alcohol/multi-wall carbon nanotubes nanofibers were used to differentiate unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) into cardiac cells.…”

Polyurethane nanofiber scaffolds for future bone tissue applications: Using β‐cyclodextrin and zinc oxide nanoparticles to improve the properties

“…This is because of its preferred characteristics, such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. 7,8 As such, nanofibers of PU have been used in bone tissue engineering applications; the results indicated that PU nanofibers could be ideal candidates for repairing bone defects. [9][10][11][12] However, the existing hydrophobic character of PU still makes it hard for biological applications, and attempts are being made to tune its properties by including different hydrophilic biomaterials.…”