Using metrics and sustainability considerations to evaluate the use of bio-based and non-renewable Brønsted acidic ionic liquids to catalyse Fischer esterification reactions

Clark, James H.; Farmer, Thomas J.; Macquarrie, Duncan J.; Sherwood, James

doi:10.1186/2043-7129-1-23

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…A fair number of researchers have studied the possibility of substitution of classical acid catalysts with AILs for these reactions. 389 The biodiesel synthesis is in fact a good example of saponification-esterification process; however, biodiesel synthesis is presented as a separate subtopic in this review as it is an extensively studied current application that needs special attention. Therefore, only esterifications and saponifications which are not directly related to biodiesel production are covered in this section.…”

Section: Catalysis Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Esterification and saponification are industrially important and widely studied acid catalyzed reactions. A fair number of researchers have studied the possibility of substitution of classical acid catalysts with AILs for these reactions . The biodiesel synthesis is in fact a good example of saponification-esterification process; however, biodiesel synthesis is presented as a separate subtopic in this review as it is an extensively studied current application that needs special attention.…”

Section: Applications Of Acidic Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acidic Ionic Liquids

2016

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Ionic liquid with acidic properties is an important branch in the wide ionic liquid field and the aim of this article is to cover all aspects of these acidic ionic liquids, especially focusing on the developments in the last four years. The structural diversity and synthesis of acidic ionic liquids are discussed in the introduction sections of this review. In addition, an unambiguous classification system for various types of acidic ionic liquids is presented in the introduction. The physical properties including acidity, thermo-physical properties, ionic conductivity, spectroscopy, and computational studies on acidic ionic liquids are covered in the next sections. The final section provides a comprehensive review on applications of acidic ionic liquids in a wide array of fields including catalysis, CO2 fixation, ionogel, electrolyte, fuel-cell, membrane, biomass processing, biodiesel synthesis, desulfurization of gasoline/diesel, metal processing, and metal electrodeposition.

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Section: Catalysis Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applications Of Acidic Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acidic Ionic Liquids

2016

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“…Recently, the applications of ionic liquids (ILs) in catalysis and especially in the synthesis of biorenewable chemicals have received considerable attention. 55,56 In this regard, Clark et al reported a 50% to 60% yield of EL from LA at 25 °C using an N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium (NMP) derived IL which has Brønsted acidity, 57 Table 2 (entry 3). However, scaling up processes that use ILs for commercial production remains a challenge.…”

Section: Synthesis Of El From Lamentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic and mechanistic insights into the production of ethyl levulinate from biorenewable feedstocks

et al. 2016

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The importance of ethyl levulinate (EL) as a fuel additive and a potential biomassderived platform molecule is noteworthy. EL is obtained from the esterification of levulinic acid (LA) in presence of ethanol. Besides LA, the acid-catalyzed ethanolysis reaction to produce EL is carried out on a variety of biomass-derived substrates which include; furfuryl alcohol (FAL), chloromethyl furfural, monosaccharides, polysaccharides and lignocellulosic biomass. The acid catalysts employed for such conversions covers a wide range of structure and properties. The nature of acid catalysts and the key intermediates formed during the reaction dictates the overall yield of the desired product. For example, in the ethanolysis reaction of FAL to produce EL, diethyl ether (DEE) and ethoxymethylfuran (EMF) produced as side products are suggested to influence the selectivity of EL. Similarly, in the ethanolysis of glucose, formation of ethyl-Dglucopyranoside (EDGP) resulted into a slow conversion to produce EL. The review, therefore; is focused on highlighting the importance of catalyst structure, acidity, reaction mechanism and the role of key intermediates in the production of EL from biorenewable resources.EL could either be synthesized directly from biomass or via the transformation of LA, or FAL 20 or chloromethyl furfural (CMF) 23 . All of the suggested reaction routes essentially contain an ethanolysis step in the presence of an acid catalyst. In general, an understanding of the mechanistic routes of product formation, dictates the development of a suitable process for achieving higher yield 24,25 . This could be further strengthened by the design of a suitable homogeneous acid, solid acid or ionic liquid based acid catalysts. On catalytic processing, EL could be converted into an array of higher value chemicals. This review comprehensively covers all the suggested ways of EL production and applications detailing key mechanistic insights, catalytic properties and reaction conditions. Importance of EL as a Fuel AdditiveAlkyl levulinates have shown considerable promises for blending in gasoline and diesel engines, owing to their reduced sulfur content, high lubricity, improved flow properties and flash point stability 20 . The candidate LA esters for this application are methyl, ethyl 26 and butyl levulinates, 23 measuring anti-knocking index of value 106.5, 107.5 and 102.5 respectively 27 . Out of three levulinates, methyl levulinate (ML) is miscible with water and is difficult to separate. With gasoline, ML is lesser miscible and under cold flow conditions is not suitable to blend.Compared to butyl levulinate (BL), EL shows better solubility with diesel range fuels containing higher aromatics 14 . Moreover, NOx emissions were lowered by about 4% on EL blend in diesel as compared to the BL blend. Higher NOx emissions could be attributed to the dilution of lube oil and deposits in combustion chamber, which was observed to be a major problem with BL blended fuels. Furthermore, when propanol or higher alcohols are used for the...

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“…From an upscaling perspective, the green metric parameters (such as environmental factor (E-factor), process mass intensity (PMI), atom economy (AE), and carbon efficiency (CE%)) of the glucose interconversion to fructose process were calculated. 48,49 These parameters normally determine a chemical process's feasibility and sustainability. For example, the E-factor signifying the process's environmental impact by accounting for the waste disposal should range between 1 and 5 for a chemical process.…”

Section: Green Matrices Of the Glucose Interconversion Processmentioning

confidence: 99%