Using markets to leverage investment in forest and landscape restoration in the tropics

Brancalion, Pedro Henrique Santin; Lamb, David; Ceccon, Eliane; Boucher, Douglas H.; Herbohn, John; Strassburg, Bernardo B. N.; Edwards, David P.

doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2017.08.009

Cited by 81 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Maximizing initial biomass accumulation in order to obtain early payments for carbon stocking is therefore essential for the financial viability of reforestation programs where costs are concentrated in the first few years of implementation (Brancalion et al. ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensive silviculture enhances biomass accumulation and tree diversity recovery in tropical forest restoration

Brancalion

Campoe

Mendes

et al. 2019

Ecological Applications

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Maximizing initial aboveground woody biomass (AGB) accumulation in order to obtain early payments for carbon stocking is essential for the financial viability of reforestation programs fostered by climate mitigation efforts. Intensive silviculture, i.e., silviculture traditionally used in commercial forestry to maximize productivity and gains, has recently been advocated as a promising approach to enhance AGB accumulation in restoration plantations. However, this approach may hamper natural forest regeneration and ecological succession due to high competition between colonizing plants and planted trees. We investigated the impacts of different silvicultural treatments applied to restoration plantations with 20 native tree species on AGB accumulation and spontaneous regeneration of native woody species in an experiment set up in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Intensive silviculture demonstrated a remarkable potential to enhance AGB accumulation in restoration plantations by increasing up to three times the AGB of tree stands (from ~25 to 75 Mg/ha in the 12th year). Intensive fertilization/weed control enhanced AGB accumulation, while higher tree density and the proportion of pioneers did not have a significant effect on AGB over the time. In spite of higher costs (cost increase of 13–19%), the cost‐effectiveness for AGB accumulation of intensive silviculture was comparable to that of traditional silviculture applied to restoration (US$50–100/Mg AGB for 3 × 2 m spacing). Contrary to our expectations, we did not find a trade‐off between AGB accumulation by planted trees and the spontaneous regeneration of tree species, since intensive silviculture enhanced the regeneration of both planted (total of 12 species) and colonizing woody species (total of 30 species) in the plantation understory. Specifically, a strong association was found between AGB stocks and the abundance and richness of colonizing species, a vast majority of which (90% of species and 95% of individuals) were dispersed by animals. We report a case of positive correlation between AGB stocking and woody species regeneration in the restoration of the Atlantic Forest. Fostering the establishment and maintenance of restoration tree plantations can, in some cases, be a win‐win strategy for climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation in human‐modified tropical landscapes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensive silviculture enhances biomass accumulation and tree diversity recovery in tropical forest restoration

Brancalion

Campoe

Mendes

et al. 2019

Ecological Applications

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“…For example, the financial feasibility of restoration is a critical criterion when identifying priority areas for cost‐effective restoration (Brancalion, Niamir, et al, ; Strassburg et al, ). The financial feasibility of restoration is dependent on landscape variation in forest restoration success because risky restoration initiatives (with unpredicted outcomes) are unlikely to attract investors (Brancalion, Niamir, et al, ; Brancalion et al, ), may rely more heavily on public funds (Ding et al, ) and can have higher costs. Costly, labour‐intensive interventions may be needed for kickstarting restoration processes and adaptive management interventions, potentially essential for safeguarding a favourable restoration trajectory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, over 59 commitments have been pledged to restore 170 M ha of deforested lands by 2030 under international initiatives such as the Bonn Challenge and the New York Declaration on Forests (Chazdon et al, ). These initiatives are supported by national governments, investors, development banks, and bilateral and multilateral funders (Brancalion et al, ). They will require an estimated US$18–300 billion per year to be implemented (Ding et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new approach to map landscape variation in forest restoration success in tropical and temperate forest biomes

Crouzeilles

Barros

Molin

et al. 2019

Journal of Applied Ecology

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A high level of variation of biodiversity recovery within a landscape during forestrestoration presents obstacles to ensure large-scale, cost-effective and long-lasting ecological restoration. There is an urgent need to predict landscape variation in forest restoration success at a global scale.2. We conducted a meta-analysis comprising 135 study landscapes to predict and map landscape variation in forest restoration success in tropical and temperate forest biomes. Our analysis was based on the amount of forest cover within a landscape -a key driver of forest restoration success. We contrasted 17 generalized linear models measuring forest cover at different landscape sizes (with buffers varying from 5 to 200 km radii). We identified the most plausible model to predict and map landscape variation in forest restoration success. We then weighted landscape variation by the amount of potentially restorable areas (agriculture and pasture land areas) within the same landscape. Finally, we estimated restoration costs of implementing Bonn Challenge commitments in three specific temperate and tropical forest biome types in the United States, Brazil and Uganda.3. Landscape variation decreased exponentially as the amount of forest cover increased in the landscape, with stronger effects within a 5 km radius. Thirty-eight per cent of forest biomes have landscapes with more than 27% of forest cover and showed levels of landscape variation below 10%. Landscapes with less than 6% of forest cover showed levels of variation in forest restoration success above 50%. 4. At the biome level, Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests had the lowest (12.6%), whereas Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests had the highest (22.9%) average of weighted landscape variation in forest restoration success. 2676 | Journal of Applied Ecology CROUZEILLES Et aL.Our approach can lead to a reduction in implementation costs for each Bonn Challenge commitment between US$ 973 Mi and 9.9 Bi. Policy implications.Our approach identifies landscape characteristics that increase the likelihood of biodiversity recovery during forest restoration -and potentially the chances of natural regeneration and long-term ecological sustainability and functionality. Identifying areas with low levels of landscape variation can help to reduce the risks and financial costs associated with implementing ambitious restoration commitments. K E Y W O R D Sbiodiversity, forest landscape restoration, GIS, global restoration commitments, habitat loss, landscape ecology, meta-analysis, natural regeneration | 2677Journal of Applied Ecology CROUZEILLES Et aL.

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“…Key restoration targets beyond logged forest exist. The FLR agenda seeks to recover landscape‐wide ecosystem services and functions in degraded areas via recovering secondary forest or establishing agroforestry, silvopasture, or single‐ or multi‐species plantations (Brancalion et al., ). Early evidence suggests that market or performance‐based climate change mechanisms, like REDD+, are likewise targeting projects in socially and environmentally beneficial ways.…”

Section: Alternative Targets For Restorative Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A global restoration agenda is emerging as a key way of enhancing the recovery of ecosystem services and biodiversity in human‐impacted tropical forest landscapes (Brancalion et al., ). International initiatives, like the Bonn Challenge and New York Declaration, have garnered astonishing political traction with over 40 countries and institutions committed to recovering 150 million hectares of degraded ecosystems by 2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030 (Bonn Challenge, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actively restoring resilience in selectively logged tropical forests

Cerullo

Edwards

2018

Journal of Applied Ecology

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1. Huge tracts of tropical forest are selectively logged. Meanwhile, emerging global agendas are providing unprecedented incentives for large-scale restoration within human-impacted tropical forest landscapes. Whilst logged forests have high conservation value, their adoption within these agendas remains controversial.2. We review the value of restoring logged tropical forests for boosting economic and environmental resilience. Targeted interventions can recover depleted timber stocks, increase saleable carbon stores, and deliver employment and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to local communities. Restoration has mixed outcomes for biodiversity but if it improves relogging practices and protects forests from conversion to agricultural plantations may have major positive impacts.3. We also examine socio-economic and political pathways for upscaling logged forest restoration and their incorporation into sustainable forestry, given political and commercial malaise on post-logging interventions. Spurring these transitions will require strong institutions, executed by policies that enable long-term concession licences and community land tenure, that leverage commercial involvement and payments for ecosystem services, and that optimise existing interventions. 4. Research frontiers include: (a) validating the economic and technical feasibility of different interventions; (b) understanding how these interventions impact on synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services, NTFPs, and biodiversity; and (c) identifying when to restore a logged forest. This requires establishing longterm experimental trials that jointly track environmental and socioeconomic outcomes. 5. Synthesis and applications. Post-logging interventions can deliver various timber, carbon, socioeconomic and potentially biodiversity benefits but are underemployed and undervalued pantropically. Opportunities exist to optimise interventions by tailoring incentives, policies, and management to ecological and social circumstances. Governments, conservation bodies and the private sector must underscore restoration of production forests as a major future objective, including via greater adoption in global initiatives, including forest and landscape restoration under the Bonn Challenge and the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) agenda. | 109Journal of Applied Ecology CERULLO and EdWaRdS How to cite this article: Cerullo GR, Edwards DP, Actively restoring resilience in selectively logged tropical forests. J Appl

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Using markets to leverage investment in forest and landscape restoration in the tropics

Cited by 81 publications

References 71 publications

Intensive silviculture enhances biomass accumulation and tree diversity recovery in tropical forest restoration

Intensive silviculture enhances biomass accumulation and tree diversity recovery in tropical forest restoration

A new approach to map landscape variation in forest restoration success in tropical and temperate forest biomes

Actively restoring resilience in selectively logged tropical forests

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