Using latent class analysis to estimate the test characteristics of the γ-interferon test, the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test and a multiplex immunoassay under Irish conditions

Clegg, Tracy A.; Duignan, Anthony; Whelan, Clare; Gormley, Eamonn; Good, Margaret; Clarke, John; Toft, Nils; More, Simon J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.027

Cited by 85 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In previous work, we have described the development of multiplex serology tests by using antigen arrays to detect antibodies to specific M. bovis antigens in several species, including cattle, goats, and alpacas (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). The sensitivities and specificities obtained with these serology tests varied with the population under study.…”

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confidence: 99%

Serological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Goats by Use of the Enferplex Caprine TB Multiplex Test

O’Brien¹,

Whelan²,

Clarke³

et al. 2017

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Tuberculosis in goats is usually diagnosed clinically, at postmortem, or by a positive skin test. However, none of these approaches detects all infected animals. Serology offers an additional tool to identify infected animals missed by current tests. We describe the use of the Enferplex Caprine TB serology test to aid the management of a large dairy goat herd undergoing a tuberculosis breakdown. Initial skin and serology testing showed that IgG antibodies were present in both serum and milk from 100% of skin test-positive animals and in serum and milk from 77.8 and 95.4% of skin test-negative animals, respectively. A good correlation was observed between serum and milk antibody levels. The herd had been vaccinated against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, but no direct serological crossreactions were found. Subsequent skin testing revealed 13.7% positive animals, 64.9% of which were antibody positive, while 42.1% of skin test-negative animals were seropositive. Antibody responses remained high 1 month later (57.1% positive), and the herd was slaughtered. Postmortem analysis of 20 skin test-negative goats revealed visible lesions in 6 animals, all of which had antibodies to six Mycobacterium bovis antigens. The results provide indirect evidence that serology testing with serum or milk could be a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in goats.KEYWORDS tuberculosis, antibodies, goats T uberculosis (TB) due to infection by Mycobacterium bovis is a major problem in cattle in the United Kingdom, causing huge financial losses, as well as being a significant zoonosis risk. The presence of significant levels of TB in wildlife vectors such as the badger has led to trial culling or vaccination of these animals in high-risk areas such as southwestern England and Wales, respectively. Spillover hosts such as sheep, goats, deer, and alpacas also present a risk of spreading TB (1). Currently, control programs involving cattle are focused on detecting cell-mediated immunity (CMI) through the use of tuberculin skin testing and gamma interferon (IFN-␥) tests. In goats, the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) and the single intradermal test (SIT) are used to detect infection (2-5). Published estimates of SICTT sensitivity range from 42.7 to 83.7%, while those of SIT range from 44.6 to 93.8% (2, 3, 5). However, a recent study adopting bacteriology as the gold standard showed the sensitivity of the SIT by the severe interpretation to be as low as 43.9% and to decrease to 38.8% by the standard interpretation, while the sensitivity of the SICTT ranged between 21.3 and 7%, depending of the interpretation criterion used (6).Recent studies also showed that when goats are coinfected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the sensitivity and specificity of the TB skin tests appear to be adversely affected, with a substantial proportion of M. bovis-infected animals going undetected (2-4, 7-11). Since skin and serology tests measure different arms of

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Serological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Goats by Use of the Enferplex Caprine TB Multiplex Test

O’Brien¹,

Whelan²,

Clarke³

et al. 2017

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…The caudal fold test is not sufficiently sensitive to detect all clinical cases of bTB in bison, and newly developed serologic tests may be more sensitive (Himsworth et al 2010a). Several serologic tests for bTB, including the Cervid TB StatPak TM (Chembio Diagnostics Ltd, Medford, New York, USA), EnferPlex TB Assay TM (Enfer Group, Kildare, Ireland), and IDEXX TB Assay TM (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine, USA), were developed for cattle and cervids (Lyashchenko et al 2000;Whelan et al 2008Whelan et al , 2010O'Brien et al 2009;Buddle et al 2010;Schiller et al 2010;Clegg et al 2011), but few, if any, are validated for bison. c-Interferon assays also have broad utility in cattle testing, but little work has been performed in bison (Schiller et al 2010), although these tests were useful in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer; Michel et al 2011).…”

Section: Diagnostic Test Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE) IN NORTHERN CANADA: A RENEWED NEED TO DEVELOP OPTIONS FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT

Shury

Nishi²,

Elkin

et al. 2015

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Effective, long-term strategies to manage the threat of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis spillback from northern, diseased bison to the Canadian cattle herd and adjacent disease-free wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) herds have eluded policy makers in recent decades. A controversial plan to depopulate infected herds and repopulate them with diseasefree wood bison was rejected in 1990 because of significant public concern. Since then, technical advances in vaccine technology, genetic salvage, selective culling, and diagnostic test development have occurred. Containment strategies to reduce further spread of these diseases are a necessary first step; recent progress has been made in this area, but challenges remain. This progress has produced more options for management of these herds in northern Canada, and it is time to consider wood bison conservation and long-term disease eradication as equally important goals that must satisfy concerns of conservation groups, agriculture sectors, aboriginal groups, and the general public. Management of wildlife disease reservoirs in other areas, including Yellowstone and Riding Mountain national parks, has demonstrated that effective disease management is possible. Although combinations of different strategies, including vaccination, genetic salvage techniques, and selective culling, that use sensitive and specific diagnostic tests may offer alternatives to depopulation/repopulation, they also have logistic constraints and cost implications that will need consideration in a multistakeholder, collaborative-management framework. We feel the time is right for this discussion, so a longterm solution to this problem can be applied.

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“…However, when ELISA based tests are used to obtain a TB free population, in course of time, with fewer animals in an advanced stage of infection, the sensitivity will decrease [126].…”

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Facts and dilemmas in diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife

Maas¹,

Michel²,

Rutten³

2013

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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Mycobacterium bovis, causing bovine tuberculosis (BTB), has been recognized as a global threat at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, a clear "One Health" issue. Several wildlife species have been identified as maintenance hosts. Spillover of infection from these species to livestock or other wildlife species may have economic and conservation implications and infection of humans causes public health concerns, especially in developing countries. Most BTB management strategies rely on BTB testing, which can be performed for a range of purposes, from disease surveillance to diagnosing individual infected animals. New diagnostic assays are being developed for selected wildlife species. This review investigates the most frequent objectives and associated requirements for testing wildlife for tuberculosis at the level of individual animals as well as small and large populations. By aligning those with the available (immunological) ante mortem diagnostic assays, the 2 practical challenges and limitations wildlife managers and researchers are currently faced with are highlighted.

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Using latent class analysis to estimate the test characteristics of the γ-interferon test, the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test and a multiplex immunoassay under Irish conditions

Cited by 85 publications

References 24 publications

Serological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Goats by Use of the Enferplex Caprine TB Multiplex Test

Serological Analysis of Tuberculosis in Goats by Use of the Enferplex Caprine TB Multiplex Test

TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE) IN NORTHERN CANADA: A RENEWED NEED TO DEVELOP OPTIONS FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT

Facts and dilemmas in diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife

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