“…The approaches based on FSD are more reasonable in terms of computational cost yet well recognized in accounting for chemical reactions in the context of LES [31,32] with reaction rate being modelled as a function of the reaction progress variable and filter width. Recently, Di Sarli et al [33,34] showed the importance of FSD based SGS models [17] to predict deflagrations in a vented chamber using LES. Other SGS models that are seen as alternatives to flamelets include the filtered density functions (FDF) [35], and probability density function approaches (pdf-like methods) which include transported pdf [36,37], multiple mapping conditioning (MMC) [38,39], the conditional moment closure [40,41], the linear Eddy model (LEM) [42e44], the renormalization group (RNG) [7,45].…”