Using ISSR Genomic Fingerprinting to Study the Genetic Differentiation of Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Iran and Neighbor Regions with the Focus on the Invasive American Artemia franciscana

Abstract

Due to the rapid developments in the aquaculture industry, Artemia franciscana, originally an American species, has been introduced to Eurasia, Africa and Australia. In the present study, we used a partial sequence of the mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (mt-DNA COI) gene and genomic fingerprinting by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) to determine the genetic variability and population structure of Artemia populations (indigenous and introduced) from 14 different geographical locations in Western Asia. Based on the haplotype spanning network, Artemia urmiana has exhibited higher genetic variation than native parthenogenetic populations. Although A. urmiana represented a completely private haplotype distribution, no apparent genetic structure was recognized among the native parthenogenetic and invasive A. franciscana populations. Our ISSR findings have documented that despite that invasive populations have lower variation than the source population in Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), they have significantly revealed higher genetic variability compared to the native populations in Western Asia. According to the ISSR results, the native populations were not fully differentiated by the PCoA analysis, but the exotic A. franciscana populations were geographically divided into four genetic groups. We believe that during the colonization, invasive populations have experienced substantial genetic divergences, under new ecological conditions in the non-indigenous regions.

Cyst size variability in invasive American Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906 (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) in Asia: a commercial approach

“…Given the economic value of the brine shrimp Artemia in fishery and aquaculture, and regarding to the biological potential and high production fitness of American A. franciscana , it has been introduced in other continents especially in Asia, including China (Bohai Bay), Vietnam (Vinhchau) and Iran (Nough catchment) (Le et al, 2019; Van Stappen et al, 2020; Eimanifar et al, 2020). Numerous studies have been documented ecological effects of exotic A. franciscana which could significantly diminish biodiversity of the native species of Artemia (Amat et al, 2007; Scalone & Rabet, 2013; Asem et al, 2018; Eimanifar et al, 2020, Shen et al, 2021). The current survey advances an opportunity, to our knowledge, to perceive cyst size variation of introduced A. franciscana in Asia compared to its native populations in the USA.…”

“…Given the economic value of the brine shrimp Artemia in fishery and aquaculture, and regarding to the biological potential and high production fitness of American A. franciscana, it has been introduced in other continents especially in Asia, including China (Bohai Bay), Vietnam (Vinhchau) and Iran (Nough catchment) (Le et al, 2019;Van Stappen et al, 2020;Eimanifar et al, 2020).…”

“…Numerous studies have been documented ecological effects of exotic A. franciscana which could significantly diminish biodiversity of the native species of Artemia (Amat et al, 2007;Scalone & Rabet, 2013;Asem et al, 2018;Eimanifar et al, 2020, Shen et al, 2021. The current survey advances an opportunity, to our knowledge, to perceive cyst size variation of introduced A. franciscana in Asia compared to its native populations in the USA.…”

“…Aquaculture industry is the basic and main reason of dispersal of American A. franciscana in non-native habitats especially in Asia (Camara, 2020;Shen et al, 2021). Although genetic variation of invasive A. franciscana has been well studied (Scalone and Rabet, 2013;Eimanifar et al, 2014Eimanifar et al, , 2020Saji et al, 2019;Saad & Elsebaie, 2020;Asem et al, 2018Asem et al, , 2021, there is a lack of information on biometrical variation of cyst in new environments. Beside of several biological factors including nutrition and hatching percentage, the hatching efficiency (the number of nauplii which obtain with per gram of dry cysts) is an important parameter in evaluation of cyst quality and its marketing (Sorgeloos et al, 1978).…”

Validation of tWO novel primers for THE promising amplification of the mitogenomic Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding region in Artemia aff. sinica (Branchiopoda, Anostraca)

“…A main problem determined in the submitted COI sequence, was the identification of several stop codons in the corresponding protein translation. Overall, due to those reasons, the taxonomic status of the form named A. frameshifta could not be confirmed (Asem et al, 2020; Eimanifar et al, 2020; D. C. Rogers, pers. comm.).…”