The factors influencing the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) as a professional and management tool outside the classroom have received little research attention. The two objectives of this research were: how do stakeholders of educational administration experience the barriers of ICT adoption, and how can they facilitate the transformation process in addressing the barriers that prevent the adoption? Taking a case from the development context of rural Bangladesh, the investigation is based on three theoretical stances: educational administration, the diffusion of innovations, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Field-study based change agent facilitation applied PRA as a two-way diffusion communication method. The study concludes that barriers originate from the levels of individuals, the educational institution, the national agencies, and the external environment. PRA provided a useful framework facilitating communication to highlight barriers and gain a deeper understanding of what exactly the barriers at different levels are in a specific institution and how they influence practice.
IntroductionResearch on educational technology has explored the barriers of integration and adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) in teaching and learning activities (Balanskat, Blamire, & Kefala, 2006;Bingimlas, 2009;Chan, 2011;Ertmer, Ottenbreit-Leftwich, Sadik, Sendurur, & Sendurur, 2012;Ertmer, 2005;Hew & Brush, 2006;Looi, So, Toh, & Chen, 2011;Snoeyink & Ertmer, 2001). The barriers are classified in various ways: classroom or individual (micro-), school (meso-) and national (macro-) level barriers (Lim, 2006;Younie, 2006); teachers' internal and external barriers (Ertmer et al., 2012;Ertmer, 2005;Snoeyink & Ertmer, 2001); direct and indirect barriers (Hew & Brush, 2006); material and non-material barriers (Pelgrum, 2001). Hew and Brush (2006) found the barriers to be related to: A lack of resources (i.e. technology, access to available technology time or person people, and technical support), knowledge and skills (on technology, technology-supported pedagogy, and technology-related classroom management), institution (including leadership, school time-tabling structure, and school planning), attitudes and beliefs (about teaching and learning and about technology), assessment (involving pressure to meet higher standards and high scores in state tests, meet vast material requirements, conformance of technology integration with external requirements of traditional exams), subject culture (shaped by content, pedagogy, and subject assessment) -both from the perspectives of the stakeholders and organizations of the education system.In addition, government policy on ICT in education faces implementation problems of management, funding, technology procurement, ICT training and impact on pedagogy (Younie, 2006). "While most studies primarily focus on the use of ICT in teaching and learning, little attention has been given to their incorporation as a professional tool outside...