Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Assessment of Water Scarcity in Nakuru County, Kenya

Changwony, Catherine; Sichangi, Arthur Wafula; Ngigi, Moses Murimi

doi:10.4236/ars.2017.61007

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It was further noted that variations of wet/dry events occurred across different grid cells from one-time scale to another. This agreed with previous studies that observed similar variations of anomalous climate events across different parts of the study domain [41][42][43]82]. For instance, the wettest event for SPEI-3 was recorded in grid cell 58 during May 1981, and the duration for occurrence lasted for 87 months.…”

Section: Temporal Patterns and Frequency Incidences Of Dry/wet Eventssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Kenya has been witnessing an increase in severe and frequent famine events in recent decades, exacerbated by the recent decline in March-May (MAM) seasonal rainfall [36][37][38][39]. Numerous studies have been conducted to ascertain drought variabilities, trends, and the respective impacts on agriculture, economy, water resources, and environment over the study region [40][41][42][43]. These researchers have employed various drought indices recommended by the WMO [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Meteorological Drought and Flood Scenarios over Kenya, East Africa

et al. 2020

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This work examines drought and flood events over Kenya from 1981 to 2016 using the Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The spatiotemporal analysis of dry and wet events was conducted for 3 and 12 months. Extreme drought incidences were observed in the years 1987, 2000, 2006, and 2009 for SPEI-3, whilst the SPEI-12 demonstrated the manifestation of drought during the years 2000 and 2006. The SPEI showed that the wettest periods, 1997 and 1998, coincided with the El Nino event for both time steps. SPEI-3 showed a reduction in moderate drought events, while severe and extreme cases were on the increase tendencies towards the end of the twentieth century. Conversely, SPEI-12 depicted an overall increase in severe drought occurrence over the study location with ab observed intensity of −1.54 and a cumulative frequency of 64 months during the study period. Wet events showed an upward trend in the western and central highlands, while the rest of the regions showed an increase in dry events during the study period. Moreover, moderate dry/wet events predominated, whilst extreme events occurred least frequently across all grid cells. It is apparent that the study area experienced mild extreme dry events in both categories, although moderately severe dry events dominated most parts of the study area. A high intensity and frequency of drought was noted in SPEI-3, while the least occurrences of extreme events were recorded in SPEI-12. Though drought event prevailed across the study area, there was evidence of extreme flood conditions over the recent decades. These findings form a good basis for next step of research that will look at the projection of droughts over the study area based on regional climate models.

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Section: Temporal Patterns and Frequency Incidences Of Dry/wet Eventssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Meteorological Drought and Flood Scenarios over Kenya, East Africa

et al. 2020

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“…The results in Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the drought years and months on drought conditions [14]. Study did not cover the whole country but a small region.…”

Section: Ndvi Anomaly and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiratimentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-Temporal Drought Characterization in Kenya from 1987 to 2016

Mutsotso¹,

Sichangi²,

Makokha³

2018

ARS

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Kenya is a drought, famine and hunger prone country, with considerable impact on agriculture, human health and livestock due to its eco-climatic conditions. It contains only a few regions of high and regular rainfall where arid and semi-arid lands cover 80% of the territory, therefore periodical droughts are part of the climate system. Some drought studies undertaken in Kenya used Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) which could not fully account for drought severity status as the role of temperature increase on drought conditions was not taken into account. This study has tried to fill the gap by using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), which includes precipitation, a temperature component and evapotranspiration in its computations. SPEI and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Anomaly (NDVI) were applied to characterize drought in Kenya from 1987 to 2016, investigate the drought severity and duration in the same period, assess drought trends together with mapping of spatial distribution of drought in identified months, assessment of Agricultural, meteorological and socio-economic activities. Correlation analysis was done to understand the response of climate and satellite based drought monitoring indices results and the crop yield data. The results and analysis obtained from the study showed that the years 1987, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2015 were considered as drought years based on their SPEI and NDVI anomaly results. They were classified as extremely dry, very dry and moderately dry for meteorological drought and slight, moderate, severe and very severe for Agricultural drought. SPEI results can be rated as being superior as the element of temperature variation is taken into consideration.

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“…An in-depth analysis at each grid cells was conducted based on frequency, length, severity and magnitude of occurrences of some significant incidences. [42][43][44]91]. The cause of this variation from low lying region to humid vegetative areas could be attributed to surface and atmospheric interactions and dynamics.…”

Section: Temporal Patterns and Frequency Incidences Of Dry/wet Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kenya has been witnessing increase in severe and frequent famine events in the recent decades, exacerbated by the recent decline in March-May (MAM) seasonal rainfall [37][38][39][40]. Numerous studies have been conducted to ascertain drought variabilities, trends and the respective impacts on agriculture, economy, water resources and environment over the study region [41][42][43][44]. These researchers have employed various drought indices recommended by the World Meteorology Organization [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Historical Trends of Droughts and Pluvial Scenarios over Kenya, East Africa

Ayugi¹,

Tan²,

Niu³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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This work examines drought and pluvial events based on Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) over Kenya from 1981 to 2016. Spatiotemporal analysis of dry and wet events is conducted for 3 and 12-month SPEI. The drought incidences were observed during the period 1984, 1987, 2000, 2006, 2009, 2015, and 2016 for SPEI-3 whilst the SPEI-12 demonstrated the manifestation of drought during the year 2000 and 2006. SPEI clearly shows the wettest period, 1997 and 1998 coinciding with the El Nino event in both time steps. SPEI -3 shows a reduction in moderate drought events while severe and extreme cases were on increase towards the end of the twentieth century. Conversely, SPEI-12 depicts an overall severe drought occurrence over the study location with observed intensity of -1.54 and cumulative frequency of 64 months during the study period. The trend of wet events is upwards in the western and central highlands while the rest of the regions show increase in dry events during the study period. Moreover, moderate dry/wet events predominate whilst extreme events occur least frequent across all grid cells. It is apparent that the study area experiences mild extreme dry events in both categories although moderately severe dry events dominate most parts of the study area. High intensity and frequency of drought is noted in SPEI-3 while least occurrences of extreme events are recorded in SPEI-12. Although drought event prevails across the study area, there is evidence of extreme flood conditions over the recent decades.

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Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Assessment of Water Scarcity in Nakuru County, Kenya

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Evaluation of Meteorological Drought and Flood Scenarios over Kenya, East Africa

Evaluation of Meteorological Drought and Flood Scenarios over Kenya, East Africa

Spatio-Temporal Drought Characterization in Kenya from 1987 to 2016

Characterization of Historical Trends of Droughts and Pluvial Scenarios over Kenya, East Africa

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