Using geological, geomorphological and soil science description data in archaeological research. Andornaktálya, Gyilkos Hill as a case study

Abstract

Nowadays, geological, Quaternary sedimentological, soil science and geomorphological research can give new information for analysing and describing archaeological sites. In this article, we have investigated the ancient environmental and landscape conditions in the case of the Upper Palaeolithic archaeological open-air site situated on Gyilkos Hill in Andornaktálya, Hungary. We have analysed the geological situation, Quaternary sediments, soil and geomorphological conditions. Our results show that ancient people lived in a higher but separated and lowered pediment area surrounded by the Eger and Ostoros streams during the Aurignacian culture in the Upper Palaeolithic period (Würm glaciation). Slopes were dissected by dells and the heads of erosional valleys and this territory could be covered by cool continental steppe and tundra vegetation. Soil data show that medium-fertile Chernozem brown forest soil developed here later which is the remnant of the new forested Late Glacial warmer period. This high, separated hilly territory could be well protected suitable for inhabitants to settle down. That is why archaeological surveys found a Palaeolithic open-air site here. We aim to use this complex research survey method at other archaeological sites.