Using Generalized Estimating Equations for Longitudinal Data Analysis

Ballinger, Gary A.

doi:10.1177/1094428104263672

Cited by 1,245 publications

(919 citation statements)

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“…Each of these methods offers particular advantages that depend on the nature of the data sample and the desired research focus (Hu et al, 1998). A particular advantage of GEEs is their ability to robustly estimate the regression coefficient's variances for data samples exhibiting high correlation between repeated measurements (Ballinger, 2004;Ghisletta & Spini 2004;Hu et al, 1998). This advantage led to the use of GEEs in this study, as the repeated measurements in the data sample are highly correlated between quarters.…”

Section: Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cash flow management and manufacturing firm financial performance: A longitudinal perspective

Kroes

Manikas

2014

International Journal of Production Economics

100

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A firm's cash flow policies, which manage working capital in the form of cash receivables from customers, inventory holdings, and cash payments to suppliers, are inexorably linked to the firm's operations. Building on earlier research, this study: (i) extends prior studies by examining the relationships between changes in cash flow measures and changes in firm financial performance using a longitudinal sample of firm data; and (ii) investigates the direction of the relationship between quarterly changes in cash flow positions and firm financial performance. This study is conducted using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) methodology to analyze a longitudinal sample of eight quarters of cash flow and financial performance data from 1,233 manufacturing firms. The analyses find that changes in the widely used Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) metric do not relate to changes in firm performance; however, changes in the less used Operating Cash Cycle (OCC) metric are found to be significantly associated with changes in Tobin's q. This examination of how changes in specific cash flow measures relate to changes in Tobin's q shows that both reductions in Accounts Receivables (measured as Days of Sales Outstanding [DSO]) and reductions in Inventory (measured as Days of Inventory Outstanding [DIO]) relate to firm financial performance improvements that persist for several quarters. Endogeneity tests of whether a firm's cash flow management strategy leads to changes in firm performance or if the cash flow strategy is a byproduct of firm performance suggest that reductions in DSO lead to improved firm financial performance.

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Section: Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cash flow management and manufacturing firm financial performance: A longitudinal perspective

Kroes

Manikas

2014

International Journal of Production Economics

100

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“…This method of analysis allows the examination of the effects of each trial as well as the intragroup and intergroup differences over all the trials (45)(46)(47).…”

Section: Iugr and Feeding Impulsivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary evidence for an impulsivity-based thrifty eating phenotype

et al. 2012

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IntroductIon: Low birth weight is associated with obesity and an increased risk for metabolic/cardiovascular diseases in later life. results: The results of the snack delay test, which encompassed four distinct trials, indicated that the gender × intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) × trial interaction was a predictor of the ability to delay the food reward (P = 0.002). among children with normal birth weights, girls showed a greater ability to delay food rewards than did boys (P = 0.014).In contrast, among children with IUGR, there was no such differential ability between girls and boys. Furthermore, in girls, impulsive responding predicted both increased consumption of palatable fat (P = 0.007) and higher BMIs (P = 0.020) at 48 mo of age, although there was no such association with BMI at 36 mo. dIscussIon: In girls, the quality of fetal growth may contribute to impulsive eating, which may promote an increased intake of fats and consequently higher BMIs. as with the original thrifty phenotype, such a mechanism would be adaptive when food supplies are sparse, but would be problematic in societies with ample access to calorically rich foods. Methods: We examined whether the quality of intrauterine growth programs obesogenic eating behaviors, by investigating (i) the relationship between birth weight and impulsive eating in 3-year-old children (using the snack delay test), and (ii) whether impulsive eating predicts fat intake and/or BMI at 4 years of age (using a laboratory-based test meal).

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“…To examine the association of institutional collectivism to overall initiation we conducted a repeated measures multiple regression using a generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach (Liang & Zeger, 1986) in a two-stage model (the main effects followed by interaction terms), with overall initiation treated as a continuous variable. GEE is an extension of the general linear model which allows the analysis of dependent variables with non-normal distributions and corrects the estimates for potential within-subject correlation of errors (within subject variability) between repeated decisions (Ballinger, 2004). As a participant's decision in one scenario may affect the decision in the other, each set of repeated observations should deal with autocorrelation as a result of the dependence between decisions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Power and Individualism-Collectivism on Negotiation Initiation

et al. 2016

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ResumoNegociação é um processo essencial na área de negócios e seu início pode afetar o desenrolar de todo o processo. Embora oportunidades possam ser perdidas quando uma ou mais partes fracassam no começo de uma negociação, essa fase tem sido pouco explorada pelas pesquisas até há bem pouco tempo. Este artigo relata os resultados de um estudo de negociações que examina os efeitos de fatores situacionais/contextuais e culturais no processo de iniciação (acionando a outra parte, fazendo uma solicitação, otimizando a solicitação), concentrando-se especificamente quanto ao poder relativo de barganha (fator situacional) e individualismo-coletivismo. Encontraram-se evidências de que um alto poder de barganha aumenta a probabilidade da intenção de iniciar uma negociação em geral, e, mais especificamente, de fazer uma solicitação e otimizar essa solicitação. Os fatores culturais individualismo e coletivismo também apresentaram evidências que afetam a iniciação de uma negociação: individualistas tiveram maior probabilidade de iniciar uma negociação que os coletivistas, sendo esse efeito aumentado para aqueles individualistas com alto poder relativo de barganha. As implicações práticas e teóricas dos resultados encontrados são discutidas e sugestões de pesquisas futuras são apresentadas.Palavras-chave: negociação; iniciação; poder; cultura; individualismo-coletivismo. AbstractNegotiation is an essential business process, with the initiation of a negotiation likely to affect how the process unfolds. Despite the fact that opportunities are often lost when one or more parties fail to initiate, initiation has until recently been overlooked in negotiation process models and research. This paper reports findings from a study that examines the effects situational/contextual factors and culture have on the initiation process (engaging a prospective counterpart, making a request, and optimizing that request), focusing specifically on relative bargaining power (a situational factor) and individualism-collectivism. Higher bargaining power was found to increase the likelihood of initiation intentionality in general as well as the requesting and optimizing phases more specifically. In addition, individualism/collectivism was also found to affect initiation, with individualists more likely than collectivists to initiate a negotiation. Further, this effect was enhanced when individualists had high relative bargaining power. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, with suggestions for future research.

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Using Generalized Estimating Equations for Longitudinal Data Analysis

Abstract: The generalized estimating equation (GEE)

Cited by 1,245 publications

References 36 publications

Cash flow management and manufacturing firm financial performance: A longitudinal perspective

Cash flow management and manufacturing firm financial performance: A longitudinal perspective

Preliminary evidence for an impulsivity-based thrifty eating phenotype

The Influence of Power and Individualism-Collectivism on Negotiation Initiation

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