Using Gastrocnemius sEMG and Plasma α-Synuclein for the Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease Patients

Abstract

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a complicated gait disturbance in Parkinson's disease (PD) and a relevant subclinical predictor algorithm is lacking. The main purpose of this study is to explore the potential value of surface electromyograph (sEMG) and plasma α-synuclein levels as predictors of the FOG seen in PD. 21 PD patients and 15 normal controls were recruited. Motor function was evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Freezing of gait questionnaire (FOG-Q). Simultaneously, gait analysis was also performed using VICON capture system in PD patients and sEMG data was recorded as well. Total plasma α-synuclein was quantitatively assessed by Luminex assay in all participants. Recruited PD patients were classified into two groups: PD patients with FOG (PD+FOG) and without FOG (PD-FOG), based on clinical manifestation, the results of the FOG-Q and VICON capture system. PD+FOG patients displayed higher FOG-Q scores, decreased walking speed, smaller step length, smaller stride length and prolonged double support time compared to the PD-FOG in the gait trial. sEMG data indicated that gastrocnemius activity in PD+FOG patients was significantly reduced compared to PD-FOG patients. In addition, plasma α-synuclein levels were significantly decreased in the PD+FOG group compared to control group; however, no significant difference was found between the PD+FOG and PD-FOG groups. Our study revealed that gastrocnemius sEMG could be used to evaluate freezing gait in PD patients, while plasma α-synuclein might discriminate freezing of gait in PD patients from normal control, though no difference was found between the PD+FOG and PD-FOG groups.

Plasma and Serum Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker of Diagnosis in Patients With Parkinson's Disease

“…Moreover, Wang et al used the same kit to measure plasma α-synuclein and found sub-ng/ml levels in PD and HC (29). The principal origin of α-synuclein are red blood cells (RBCs) (>99% of its blood levels), with the residue in plasma.…”

Salivary total α-synuclein, oligomeric α-synuclein and SNCA variants in Parkinson’s disease patients

“…Salivary α-synuclein levels were measured using established Luminex assays as described previously 16 17 . Capturing antibody-coupled beads (about 2500 beads per well) were first added to 96 well Bio-Plex Pro Flat Bottom Plates (Cat#171025001, Bio-Rad, USA) and washed twice with washing stations using the reagent kit (Cat#171304071, Bio-Rad, USA).…”

Wearable Sensors System for an Improved Analysis of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease Using Electromyography and Inertial Signals

“…Previous studies shows a “toe-off” deficit in patients with PD and FOG, analyzing the activation of specific distal leg muscles with electromyography (EMG). Some authors indicated a reduced activation of the gastrocnemius muscle (GC) [14,15], an early activation [16] or even a hyper-activation of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) [14], as well as an increased co-activation of GC and TA muscles [17] during gait in patients with PD and FOG. However, some of these studies consider gait only outside FOG episodes [14,16] often in a fixed laboratory environment, such as a treadmill [14].…”

“…However, some of these studies consider gait only outside FOG episodes [14,16] often in a fixed laboratory environment, such as a treadmill [14]. Furthermore, some authors only considered the activity of one muscle without evaluating the synergic activity of the two antagonist muscles [15]. Finally, previous studies show both paroxysmal and continuous gait disturbances [18,19].…”