Using fNIRS to examine occipital and temporal responses to stimulus repetition in young infants: Evidence of selective frontal cortex involvement

Emberson, Lauren L.; Cannon, Grace; Palmeri, Holly; Richards, John E.; Aslin, Richard Ν.

doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.002

Cited by 39 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, infants who watched fewer than four block trials were excluded. This minimum is consistent with previous work done by Emberson, Cannon, Palmeri, Richards, and Aslin (2017) (Kersey & Emberson, 2016) as well as with other groups of researchers (e.g., Lloyd-Fox, Széplaki-Köllőd, Yin, & Csibra, 2015). Full-term infants included in analysis looked on average for 6.34 block trials (SD = 0.97, range = 5-8) while preterm infants looked on average for 6.63 blocks (SD = 0.93, range = 5-8).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The emergence of top‐down, sensory prediction during learning in infancy: A comparison of full‐term and preterm infants

Boldin

Geiger

Emberson

2018

Developmental Psychobiology

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Prematurity alters developmental trajectories in preterm infants even in the absence of medical complications. Here, we use fNIRS and learning tasks to probe the nature of the developmental differences between preterm and full-term born infants. Our recent work has found that prematurity disrupts the ability to engage in top-down sensory prediction after learning. We now examine the neural changes during the learning that precede prediction. In full-terms, we found modulation of all cortical regions examined during learning (temporal, frontal, and occipital). By contrast, preterm infants had no evidence of neural changes in the occipital lobe selectively. This is striking as the learning task leads to the emergence of visual prediction. Moreover, the shape of individual infants' occipital lobe trajectories (regardless of prematurity) predicts subsequent visual prediction abilities. These results suggest that modulation of sensory cortices during learning is closely related to the emergence of top-down signals and further indicates that developmental differences in premature infants may be associated with deficits in top-down processing.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The emergence of top‐down, sensory prediction during learning in infancy: A comparison of full‐term and preterm infants

Boldin

Geiger

Emberson

2018

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…Indeed,Emberson, Cannon, Palmeri, Richards, and Aslin (2017) used fNIRS to examine repetition suppression (a phenomenon where locally repeated presentation reduces neural responses to particular stimuli) across auditory and visual modalities. Indeed,Emberson, Cannon, Palmeri, Richards, and Aslin (2017) used fNIRS to examine repetition suppression (a phenomenon where locally repeated presentation reduces neural responses to particular stimuli) across auditory and visual modalities.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparing statistical learning across perceptual modalities in infancy: An investigation of underlying learning mechanism(s)

Emberson

Misyak

Schwade

et al. 2019

Developmental Science

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Statistical learning (SL), sensitivity to probabilistic regularities in sensory input, has been widely implicated in cognitive and perceptual development. Little is known, however, about the underlying mechanisms of SL and whether they undergo developmental change. One way to approach these questions is to compare SL across perceptual modalities. While a decade of research has compared auditory and visual SL in adults, we present the first direct comparison of visual and auditory SL in infants (8-10 months). Learning was evidenced in both perceptual modalities but with opposite directions of preference: Infants in the auditory condition displayed a novelty preference, while infants in the visual condition showed a familiarity preference.Interpreting these results within the Hunter and Ames model (1988), where familiarity preferences reflect a weaker stage of encoding than novelty preferences, we conclude that there is weaker learning in the visual modality than the auditory modality for this age. In addition, we found evidence of different developmental trajectories across modalities: Auditory SL increased while visual SL did not change for this age range. The results suggest that SL is not an abstract, amodal ability; for the types of stimuli and statistics tested, we find that auditory SL precedes the development of visual SL and is consistent with recent work comparing SL across modalities in older children. K E Y W O R D Sabstract, auditory, domain-generality, infant, statistical learning, visual

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“…While this experimental manipulation was originally designed to elicit visual repetition suppression, 25 a number of studies have found that visual repetition suppression is, at best, an extremely subtle effect in infants and, at worst, not present in the occipital cortex during infancy. 23 As a null effect of repetition suppression of visual stimuli in infants of this age using this protocol as a replication of previous and ongoing work, the current paper focuses on the comparison of auditory and visual stimulation in the occipital lobe rather than any differences in occipital lobe activation for the two types of visual stimulation. The auditory stimuli were always presented in auditory variable blocks (i.e., with all eight auditory stimuli presented in shuffled order).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The stimuli were selected to be clearly differentiable at a basic sensory level and have been found in previous studies to elicit robust auditory and visual responses (temporal and occipital cortex, respectively), but yet are engaging for infants and will encourage longer looking, which results in more trials for data analysis and trials with fewer motion artifacts. 23 All stimuli had a stimulus onset asynchrony of 1 s. The interstimulus interval (ISI) for visual stimuli was always. 25 s. The ISI for audio stimuli ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 s as the duration of the auditory stimuli ranged from 0.7 to 0.8 s.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As discussed earlier, we will focus on the comparison of visual (repeated) and auditory as the current work confirms the lack of widespread differences in activity to visual repetition (versus variability) in the occipital lobe in infancy. 23 Any trials where the infant did not view the stimuli for 14.5 s after the start of the trial were dropped; this length of time represents the average time from the start of the trial to the end of the jittered interblock interval (IBI, block duration is 8 s with an average IBI of 6.5 s and a range of 4 to 9 s, see Ref. 24 for validation of this IBI).…”

Section: Effects Of Removing Short-channel Information On Neural Actimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolating the effects of surface vasculature in infant neuroimaging using short-distance optical channels: a combination of local and global effects

et al. 2016

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Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) records hemodynamic changes in the cortex arising from neurovascular coupling. However, (noninvasive) fNIRS recordings also record surface vascular signals arising from noncortical sources (e.g., in the skull, skin, dura, and other tissues located between the sensors and the brain). A current and important focus in the fNIRS community is determining how to remove these noncortical vascular signals to reduce noise and to prevent researchers from erroneously attributing responses to cortical sources. The current study is the first to test a popular method for removing signals from the surface vasculature (removing short, 1 cm, channel recordings from long, 3 cm, channel recordings) in human infants, a population frequently studied using fNIRS. We find evidence that this method does remove surface vasculature signals and indicates the presence of both local and global surface vasculature signals. However, we do not find that the removal of this information changes the statistical inferences drawn from the data. This latter result not only questions the importance of removing surface vasculature responses for empiricists employing this method, but also calls for future research using other tasks (e.g., ones with a weaker initial result) with this population and possibly additional methods for removing signals arising from the surface vasculature in infants.

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Using fNIRS to examine occipital and temporal responses to stimulus repetition in young infants: Evidence of selective frontal cortex involvement

Cited by 39 publications

References 58 publications

The emergence of top‐down, sensory prediction during learning in infancy: A comparison of full‐term and preterm infants

The emergence of top‐down, sensory prediction during learning in infancy: A comparison of full‐term and preterm infants

Comparing statistical learning across perceptual modalities in infancy: An investigation of underlying learning mechanism(s)

Isolating the effects of surface vasculature in infant neuroimaging using short-distance optical channels: a combination of local and global effects

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