Using Facial Markings to Unmask Diversity: The Slow Lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: Nycticebus spp.) of Indonesia

Nekaris, K. A. I.; Munds, Rachel A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_22

Cited by 57 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Many compounding variables contribute to the poor understanding of these species: difficulty of distinguishing between allopatric species, inability to collect genetic tissue, highly subtle morphological cues, and disagreements on what defines a species [Bradley and Mundy, 2008;Isaac et al, 2004;Tattersall, 2007]. A small taxonomic study on species-level differences in N. menagensis done previously found diversity within this species [Nekaris and Munds, 2010], but no thorough investigation of intraspecific variation has been conducted to date. A small taxonomic study on species-level differences in N. menagensis done previously found diversity within this species [Nekaris and Munds, 2010], but no thorough investigation of intraspecific variation has been conducted to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only in 1998 was one of the subspecies of N. coucang recognized as a distinct species (N. bengalensis) [Groves, 1998]. More taxonomic research is required, as there is clear variation within each of the currently recognized slow loris taxa [Groves and Maryanto, 2008;Nekaris and Jaffe, 2007;Nekaris and Munds, 2010]. More taxonomic research is required, as there is clear variation within each of the currently recognized slow loris taxa [Groves and Maryanto, 2008;Nekaris and Jaffe, 2007;Nekaris and Munds, 2010].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Habitat loss and the illegal wildlife trade are affecting their survival = [IUCN 2010; Nekaris and Nijman 2007]. Much phenotypic variation has been detected within N. menagensis [Nekaris and Munds, 2010], and studies are needed to determine if this variation differentiates additional discrete taxa, as such research would assist conservationists in creating appropriate action plans to protect these primates. Much phenotypic variation has been detected within N. menagensis [Nekaris and Munds, 2010], and studies are needed to determine if this variation differentiates additional discrete taxa, as such research would assist conservationists in creating appropriate action plans to protect these primates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Taxonomy of the Bornean Slow Loris, With New Species Nycticebus kayan (Primates, Lorisidae)

Munds

Nekaris

Ford

2012

American J Primatol

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133

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More species of nocturnal primates are now recognized than in the past, because many are cryptic species. Subtle morphological disparities, such as pelage pattern and color variation, vocal cues, and genetics have aided in elucidating the number of diagnosable species in a genus. The slow lorises (genus Nycticebus) once included only two species, but recent taxonomic studies resulted in the description of three additional species; further incompletely explored variability characterizes each of the currently described species. The Bornean loris in particular is characterized by pelage and body size variation. In this study, we explored facemask variation in the Bornean loris (N. menagensis). Differing facemask patterns, particularly influenced by the amount of white on the face, significantly clustered together by geographic regions, separated by notable geographic boundaries. Our results support the recognition of four species of Bornean lorises: N. menagensis, N. bancanus, N. borneanus, and N. kayan. Genetic studies are required to support these findings and to refine further our understanding of the marked variability within the Bornean loris populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Taxonomy of the Bornean Slow Loris, With New Species Nycticebus kayan (Primates, Lorisidae)

Munds

Nekaris

Ford

2012

American J Primatol

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133

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“…Exudate consumption by N. coucang in Malaysia (Wiens et al 2006) was a-seasonal, contrary to its seasonal use by N. pygmaeus in both Vietnam (Streicher et al in review) and Cambodia (Starr, personal observation). Studies of N. menagensis in Sabah, Borneo (Nekaris and Munds, 2010), N. bengalensis in Assam, India (Das 2008) and Thailand (Pliosoengeon and Savini 2008), and N. javanicus in Java, Indonesia (Winarti 2008) have not yet been conducted over a whole year, although exudate consumption has been observed. Gum represented only a small proportion of the diet for L. lydekkerianus lydekkerianus (Nekaris and Rasmussen 2003) and for L. l. nordicus (Nekaris, personal observation), but no seasonal pattern was evident.…”

Section: Review Of Exudativory In Wild Lorises and Pottosmentioning

confidence: 95%

Comparative Ecology of Exudate Feeding by Lorises (Nycticebus, Loris) and Pottos (Perodicticus, Arctocebus)

Nekaris

Starr²,

Collins³

et al. 2010

The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates

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Craniomandibular variation characterizes the five species of Asian slow loris (Nycticebus), but until now, few ecological studies have been available to understand the factors that underpin it. Here, we review feeding ecology of Asian lorises and African pottos, with emphasis on the importance of exudate feeding, including several new studies. We then present novel data on this behavior based on a 10-week study of N. coucang at Pusat Penyelamatan Satwa, Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia. Lorises and pottos range in body size from 100 g (Loris tardigradus) to more than 2 kg (N. bengalensis). Three of the smallest species (Arctocebus calabarensis, A. aureus, L. tardigradus) rely mainly on insects and small invertebrates as dietary staples. Although Perodicticus is known to eat gum only from already open wounds, active gouging of bark to extract exudates or consumption of plant sap has now been observed in all other lorises. Five species (P. potto, N. coucang, N. bengalensis, N. javanicus, N. pygmaeus) rely on exudates as a key food source. Although at all field sites, exudates are eaten all year round, at some, they become a key resource in times of food scarcity. Exudates have been extracted from 14 different plant families; Fabaceae is possibly the most important, currently consumed by all exudativorous species. Despite the lack of keeled nails, gouging behavior of lorises closely resembles that of marmosets and fork-marked lemurs, and involves active breaking of the plant surface; the audible nature of this behavior, as well as the characteristic marks left behind, makes it useful for determining the presence of Nycticebus in a forest. The captive lorises in our study also gouged regularly, recorded 2.9 times per hour for both adults and juveniles. Urine and facial marking accompanied the majority of gouges, a behavior recorded before only for marmosets. The functions of this behavior as a resource sharing strategy are explored. The importance of providing opportunity for gouging for captive lorises is also discussed, as a way to mitigate the periodontal diseases, which plague Nycticebus in captivity. We conclude by discussing the importance of a better understanding of this relatively unique behavior to improve our knowledge of morphological correlates to loris taxonomy and ecology, and captive management via dietary changes and enrichment.

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“…Secara umum, kelompok bekantan memilihan pohon tidur di tepi sungai sebagai salah satu strategi untuk menghindari serangan predator dan penyebaran penyakit (Nekaris & Munds, 2010).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Behavior and group movement of proboscis monkey’s (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb.) in Samboja, East Kalimantan

Atmoko

Mardiastuti

Iskandar³

2017

JPKW

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Bekantan (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb.) adalah primata endemik di Pulau Borneo. Masalah utama yang dihadapi dalam melestarikan bekantan adalah hilangnya habitat, fragmentasi dan degradasi hutan. Penelitian perilaku pergerakan kelompok bekantan telah dilakukan di habitat bekantan yang terisolasi dan terfragmentasi di Samboja, Kalimantan Timur. Pergerakan bekantan meliputi jelajah harian dan pemanfaatan ketinggian tajuk. Pengamatan perilaku bekantan menggunakan metode instantaneous sampling. Aktivitas yang diamati adalah aktivitas makan, bergerak, sosial, istirahat, dan tidur. Jelajah harian bekantan diikuti pergerakannya dan dicatat koordinat posisinya. Pengamatan pemanfaatan ketinggian strata tajuk pada ketinggian aktivitas 0-3 m, 3,1-6 m, 6,1-9 m, 9,1-12 m, dan >12 m. Petak pengamatan pohon pada masing-masing habitat dibuat berukuran 20 m x 200 m. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pergerakan harian bekantan bervariasi, yaitu berkisar antara 25,7 m s/d 749,9 m (rata-rata 333 m), dengan wilayah jelajah yang sempit, yaitu berkisar antara 4,52 ha s/d 6,92 ha. Jarak pergerakan harian antar kelompok bekantan berbeda secara signifikan pada tiga habitat. Secara umum pemanfaatan strata tajuk oleh bekantan tergantung pada kondisi habitat, tinggi, diameter dan kerapatan pohon. 0-3 m, 3.1-6 m, 6.1-9 m, 9.1-12 m, and > 12

show abstract

Using Facial Markings to Unmask Diversity: The Slow Lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: Nycticebus spp.) of Indonesia

Cited by 57 publications

References 31 publications

Taxonomy of the Bornean Slow Loris, With New Species Nycticebus kayan (Primates, Lorisidae)

Taxonomy of the Bornean Slow Loris, With New Species Nycticebus kayan (Primates, Lorisidae)

Comparative Ecology of Exudate Feeding by Lorises (Nycticebus, Loris) and Pottos (Perodicticus, Arctocebus)

Behavior and group movement of proboscis monkey’s (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb.) in Samboja, East Kalimantan

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