Using Expert Knowledge to Develop a Vulnerability and Adaptation Framework and Methodology for Application in Tropical Island Communities

McLeod, Elizabeth; Szuster, Brian W.; Tompkins, Emma L.; Marshall, Nadine; Downing, Thomas E.; Wongbusarakum, Supin; Patwardhan, Anand; Hamza, Mo; Anderson, Cheryl L.; Bharwani, Sukaina; Hansen, Lara J.; Rubinoff, Pamela

doi:10.1080/08920753.2015.1046803

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Contrary to prior research Mcleod et al 2015;Pasgaard et al 2015), the study found that knowledge on local impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in smallholder farming systems in the two cases are generated within the country. Furthermore, while knowledge co-production on the CSA discourse at the global level is led by research centres and scientific partners of the CGAIR (Steenwerth et al 2014), the cases find that national and local experts are key to knowledge production and exchange, facilitated closely by civil society organisations.…”

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confidence: 49%

Climate-smart agriculture in practice: insights from smallholder farmers, Timor-Leste and the Philippines, Southeast Asia

Chandra¹

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The climate challenges confronting agriculture are multiple, interconnected and multi-scaled.Agriculture is a source of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, but it is also vulnerable to climate change impacts. Adopting resilient approaches in the agricultural industry can help to contribute to both climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation. Climate-smart agriculture has emerged as a solution to address the multiple challenges of climate change and food security by sustainably increasing productivity, enhancing resilience and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To date, there is limited scholarly evidence on what constitutes climate-smart agriculture, and how it is framed globally and practiced by smallholder farming communities. This research helps to bridge this gap by analysing the international discourse around climate-smart agriculture, and providing local empirical evidence derived from smallholder farming communities in the Philippines and TimorLeste.At the broad level, this research aims to identify how climate-smart agriculture within communitybased adaptation programs is contributing to the integration of mitigation and adaptation responses to climate change. Drawing from political ecology and climate change (adaptation and mitigation sciences) theories, the research explains how socio-institutional factors -inequality, unequal power relations and social injustice -influence climate-smart agriculture. The theoretical arguments are illustrated with empirical case studies of smallholder farmers and civil society organisations in the two case studies. Using mixed qualitative methods and descriptive analysis of over 150 semistructured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation, the research examines climate-smart agriculture practices across three broad categories: vulnerability of smallholder farmers (socioeconomic factors), synergistic relationships (adaptation, mitigation and food security) and governance (socio-institutional determinants).This research argues that mitigation and adaptation interventions are climate-smart for smallholder farmers when they directly address local climate risks, support a combination of adaptation, food security and livelihood strategies, and empower at-risk and marginalised populations. Results indicate that climate-smart agriculture in the Philippines and Timor-Leste are characterised and influenced by multiple socio-institutional factors. The increasing burden of loss and damage as a result of extreme climate events subject women to migration, increased discrimination, loss of customary rights to land, resource poverty and food insecurity. In terms of farming practices implemented by smallholder farmers, most adaptation actions were found to have corresponding positive mitigation, food security and livelihood co-benefits. At the community level, climate-smart interventions are highly locationspecific, technically rigorous, involve knowledge-intensive processes, and are influenced by the finance and capacities of local farming com...

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confidence: 49%

Climate-smart agriculture in practice: insights from smallholder farmers, Timor-Leste and the Philippines, Southeast Asia

Chandra¹

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“…Variations in spatial scale and the given values of available data can require subjective choices regarding the compilation of indicator data for ports that span multiple counties. Because of the sensitivity and subjectivity of these decisions, researchers recommend a stakeholder-based approach for the early stages of indicator development such as the expert-elicitation methods applied in McLeod et al (2015) and Teck et al (2010).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring climate and extreme weather vulnerability to inform resilience, report 1 : a pilot study for North Atlantic medium- and high-use maritime freight

McIntosh¹,

Mclean²,

Becker³

2020

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This research identified vulnerability indicators from open-data sources that represent the three components of vulnerability, as outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. With input from experts knowledgeable in port operations, planning, policy, and data, researchers refined a set of highlevel vulnerability indicators to answer the following key questions: (1) how sufficient is the current state of U.S. seaport sector data for developing expert-supported vulnerability indicators for a regional sample of ports and (2) how can indicators be used to measure the relative vulnerability (i.e., exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) of multiple ports? Using open-data sources, this study developed an Indicator-Based Vulnerability Assessment methodology that integrates multiple vulnerability indicators for ports in the North Atlantic region. The Analytic Hierarchy Process, a technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions using pairwise comparisons, was used to develop a ranking that matched 3 of the top-4 most vulnerable ports that were subjectively identified by port experts. This demonstrates strong promise for this methodological approach to measure seaport vulnerability to climate and extreme weather events. Indices of seaport relative vulnerability to climate and extreme weather can advance goals for a resilient Marine Transportation System by informing efforts and plans to prioritize and allocate limited resources.

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“…Consensus began to develop in the results of the second-round questionnaire and was evaluated using criteria determined prior to data collection based on recommendations from relevant Delphi literature (Hsu and Sandford, 2007;Mcleod et al, 2015;Hasson, Keeney, and McKenna, 2000;Keeney, Hasson, and McKenna, 2006).…”

Section: Delphi Survey Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the research conducted by Hsu and Sandford (2007) and Mcleod et al (2015), the criteria for consensus were defined as: high (80-100% of panelists ranked the factor as "very important" and "important" or 70%-100 of panelists ranking the factor as "very important"); medium (70-80% of panelists ranking as "very important" and "important" or 60-80% ranking as "very important"); low (55-70% ranking "very important" and "important" or 50-70% ranking "very important"); and none (<55% of ranking "very important and important") (Mcleod et al, 2015;Hsu and Sandford, 2007).…”

Section: Delphi Survey Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consensus was determined based on the criteria implemented by Hsu and Sandford (2007) and Mcleod et al (2015), with high consensus defined as 80-100% of panelists ranking a particular factor as "very important" and "important." Factors were also determined to have a high consensus of agreement when 70-100% of panelists identified the factor as "very important" to ERO resilience.…”

Section: Expert Panel Ranking Of Resilience Factors With High Consensusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resilient Response in an Age of Change: Emergency Response Organizations’ Resilience in Times of Disaster

Decerbo¹

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Impacts from major storms, floods, hurricanes, and heavy precipitation events disturb the lives of millions of people around the world every year, causing billions of dollars of damages and economic losses. As the number and destructiveness of natural disasters increase, the study of resilience offers possible solutions for minimizing loss of life and damage from disasters. Resiliency of communities and organizations in the face of global climate change is attracting increasing attention as a way to slow or reverse the increasing costliness and disruption of natural disasters. Despite the growing interest in resilience, no research focuses on the particular resilience challenges facing emergency response organizations (EROs), police, fire, emergency medical service, emergency management agencies, and departments of public work, which communities rely on for critical life-safety services during and after disasters. The first portion of this study uses the Delphi method to build a list of expertderived factors contributing to emergency response organization (ERO) resilience, including ranking and rating the factors to develop an expert consensus-based set of factors composing the ERO Resiliency Framework. This framework supports decision ACKNOWLEDGMENT This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and encouragement of so many people, and its existence is due to their financial, academic, and personal support. Most importantly I wish to thank my advisor, Dr. Rob Thompson, for his guidance, mentorship, and patience in letting me take an unconventional approach to my degree with many adventures along the way. My path may have wandered away from academia, but it has led to my dream career. Thank you for all your help getting to where I am today.

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Using Expert Knowledge to Develop a Vulnerability and Adaptation Framework and Methodology for Application in Tropical Island Communities

Cited by 9 publications

References 36 publications

Climate-smart agriculture in practice: insights from smallholder farmers, Timor-Leste and the Philippines, Southeast Asia

Climate-smart agriculture in practice: insights from smallholder farmers, Timor-Leste and the Philippines, Southeast Asia

Measuring climate and extreme weather vulnerability to inform resilience, report 1 : a pilot study for North Atlantic medium- and high-use maritime freight

Resilient Response in an Age of Change: Emergency Response Organizations’ Resilience in Times of Disaster

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