Printed
electronics are expected to meet an increasing demand for
improved functionality and autonomy of products in the context of
Internet-of-Things. With this trend, the environmental performance
of novel technologies is of growing importance. The current study
presents the life cycle assessment of two novel devices: an anticounterfeit
label based on the electrochromic display and a shock-detection tag
based on the piezoelectric sensor, designed for the use in packaging
of pharmaceuticals and luxury items to improve the safety and accountability
in the supply chain. The devices are manufactured by means of energy-efficient
printing techniques on a low-cost flexible and recyclable paper substrate.
Comprehensive cradle-to-grave analysis contributes to industrial-scale
energy and material life cycle inventories and identifies the main
impact hotspots evaluated for a broad range of categories of the ReCiPe
midpoint (H) impact assessment method. Results show that major impact
burdens are associated with the near-field communication chip and
radio-frequency identification antenna, while the impacts of solvents,
process energy, electrochromic display/piezoelectric sensor, Li-ion
battery, and substrate are comparatively small. In terms of their
global warming potential, both the anticounterfeit label and shock-detection
tag embody around 0.23 kg of CO2-equiv. Several material-use
reduction and material-substitution strategies are quantified and
discussed for their potential to reduce high impacts of the antenna.