Using EEG to Decode Subjective Levels of Emotional Arousal During an Immersive VR Roller Coaster Ride

Klotzsche, Felix; Mariola, Alberto; Hofmann, Steffen; Nikulin, Vadim V.; Villringer, Arno; Gaebler, Michael

doi:10.1109/vr.2018.8446275

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The power of cortical alpha- (8–12 Hz), theta- (4–7 Hz), and lower beta-band (15–20 Hz) oscillations were selected as electrophysiological markers for further investigation. Alpha and theta power are sensitive to stress, arousal, and anxiety ( Schlink et al, 2017 ; Horvat et al, 2018 ; Klotzsche et al, 2018 ; Hofmann et al, 2019 ) with different functional properties. Alpha-band activity is associated with tonic alertness ( Sadaghiani et al, 2010 ) and maintenance of attentional resources ( Klimesch, 2012 ), it thus is believed to reflect unspecific alert and general vigilance ( Davies and Krkovic, 1965 ) and correlates with anxiety ( Knyazev et al, 2004 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alpha-band activity is associated with tonic alertness ( Sadaghiani et al, 2010 ) and maintenance of attentional resources ( Klimesch, 2012 ), it thus is believed to reflect unspecific alert and general vigilance ( Davies and Krkovic, 1965 ) and correlates with anxiety ( Knyazev et al, 2004 ). Overall, alpha functions are a promising marker for emotional arousal processing ( Luft and Bhattacharya, 2015 ; Klotzsche et al, 2018 ). Whereas variations of alpha indicated exogenous orientated processing, i.e., threat-related external stimuli, theta serves as a marker for endogenous processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The reality of virtual reality

Schöne

Kisker²,

Lange³

et al. 2023

Front. Psychol.

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Virtual reality (VR) has become a popular tool for investigating human behavior and brain functions. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether VR constitutes an actual form of reality or is more like an advanced simulation. Determining the nature of VR has been mostly achieved by self-reported presence measurements, defined as the feeling of being submerged in the experience. However, subjective measurements might be prone to bias and, most importantly, do not allow for a comparison with real-life experiences. Here, we show that real-life and VR height exposures using 3D-360° videos are mostly indistinguishable on a psychophysiological level (EEG and HRV), while both differ from a conventional 2D laboratory setting. Using a fire truck, three groups of participants experienced a real-life (N = 25), a virtual (N = 24), or a 2D laboratory (N = 25) height exposure. Behavioral and psychophysiological results suggest that identical exogenous and endogenous cognitive as well as emotional mechanisms are deployed to process the real-life and virtual experience. Specifically, alpha- and theta-band oscillations in line with heart rate variability, indexing vigilance, and anxiety were barely indistinguishable between those two conditions, while they differed significantly from the laboratory setup. Sensory processing, as reflected by beta-band oscillations, exhibits a different pattern for all conditions, indicating further room for improving VR on a haptic level. In conclusion, the study shows that contemporary photorealistic VR setups are technologically capable of mimicking reality, thus paving the way for the investigation of real-world cognitive and emotional processes under controlled laboratory conditions. For a video summary, see https://youtu.be/fPIrIajpfiA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reality of virtual reality

Schöne

Kisker²,

Lange³

et al. 2023

Front. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In principle, EEG measured during high vs low arousal, valence, and mental load, should elicit different EEG signatures (e.g., synchronization/desynchronization and corresponding increases/decreases in amplitude/power), as the mental states require differing levels of emotional or cognitive resources [76][77][78][79][80][81][82]. This would be expected from a researchgrade EEG device like Brainvision.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promise for Personalized Diagnosis? Assessing the Precision of Wireless Consumer-Grade Electroencephalography across Mental States

Lockman-Dufour

Buchanan

2022

Applied Sciences

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In the last decade there has been significant growth in the interest and application of using EEG (electroencephalography) outside of laboratory as well as in medical and clinical settings, for more ecological and mobile applications. However, for now such applications have mainly included military, educational, cognitive enhancement, and consumer-based games. Given the monetary and ecological advantages, consumer-grade EEG devices such as the Emotiv EPOC have emerged, however consumer-grade devices make certain compromises of data quality in order to become affordable and easy to use. The goal of this study was to investigate the reliability and accuracy of EPOC as compared to a research-grade device, Brainvision. To this end, we collected data from participants using both devices during three distinct cognitive tasks designed to elicit changes in arousal, valence, and cognitive load: namely, Affective Norms for English Words, International Affective Picture System, and the n-Back task. Our design and analytical strategies followed an ideographic person-level approach (electrode-wise analysis of vincentized repeated measures). We aimed to assess how well the Emotiv could differentiate between mental states using an Event-Related Band Power approach and EEG features such as amplitude and power, as compared to Brainvision. The Emotiv device was able to differentiate mental states during these tasks to some degree, however it was generally poorer than Brainvision, with smaller effect sizes. The Emotiv may be used with reasonable reliability and accuracy in ecological settings and in some clinical contexts (for example, for training professionals), however Brainvision or other, equivalent research-grade devices are still recommended for laboratory or medical based applications.

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“…This suggests that working memory capacity has been systematically underestimated in studies that used simple stimuli about which we have no previous knowledge. In addition, VR has been used to study spatial memory (e.g., Koenig et al, 2011), and it can be combined with neurophysiological measures such as electroencephalography (e.g., Klotzsche et al, 2018;Tromp et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

OpenVirtualObjects: An Open Set of Standardized and Validated 3D Household Objects for Virtual Reality-Based Research, Assessment, and Therapy

Tromp

Klotzsche

Krohn

et al. 2020

Front. Virtual Real.

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Virtual reality (VR) technology provides clinicians, therapists, and researchers with new opportunities to observe, assess, and train behavior in realistic yet well-controlled environments. However, VR also comes with a number of challenges. For example, compared to more abstract experiments and tests on 2D computer screens, VR-based tasks are more complex to create, which can make it more expensive and time-consuming. One way to overcome these challenges is to create, standardize, and validate VR content and to make it openly available for researchers and clinicians. Here we introduce the OpenVirtualObjects (OVO), a set of 124 realistic 3D household objects that people encounter and use in their everyday lives. The objects were rated by 34 younger and 25 older adults for recognizability, familiarity, details (i.e., visual complexity), contact, and usage (i.e., frequency of usage in daily life). All participants also named and categorized the objects. We provide the data and the experiment- and analysis code online. With OVO, we hope to facilitate VR-based research and clinical applications. Easy and free availability of standardized and validated 3D objects can support systematic VR-based studies and the development of VR-based diagnostics and therapeutic tools.

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Using EEG to Decode Subjective Levels of Emotional Arousal During an Immersive VR Roller Coaster Ride

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

The reality of virtual reality

The reality of virtual reality

Promise for Personalized Diagnosis? Assessing the Precision of Wireless Consumer-Grade Electroencephalography across Mental States

OpenVirtualObjects: An Open Set of Standardized and Validated 3D Household Objects for Virtual Reality-Based Research, Assessment, and Therapy

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